Evaluation of CH<sub>4</sub> Emission in Two Paddy Field Areas, Khonkaen and Ayutthaya, in Thailand
It is well known that submerged soils emit high levels of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) due to oxygen deprivation and free iron oxide causing a quick reduction. However, there are other soil properties that control the reduction processes in soil, especially the amount of soil organic carbon...
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| author | Pongsathorn Sukdanont Noppol Arunrat Suphachai Amkha Ryusuke Hatano |
| author_facet | Pongsathorn Sukdanont Noppol Arunrat Suphachai Amkha Ryusuke Hatano |
| author_sort | Pongsathorn Sukdanont |
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| description | It is well known that submerged soils emit high levels of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) due to oxygen deprivation and free iron oxide causing a quick reduction. However, there are other soil properties that control the reduction processes in soil, especially the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC). This study aimed to investigate the major factors controlling CH<sub>4</sub> production potential (CH<sub>4</sub>PP) in Thai paddy fields. Two provinces, Ayutthaya, a clay soil region, and Khonkaen, a sandy soil region, were selected to represent a wide range of soil textures. Soil characteristic analysis pre- and post-incubation, and weekly gas detection in an incubation experiment over two months, was conducted. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was employed to analyze major soil factors controlling CH<sub>4</sub>PP. For the regional prediction of CH<sub>4</sub>PP, a map dataset of Ayutthaya and Khonkaen by the Land Development Department, Thailand, and a soil texture map (with intersected point data using the soil property map in ArcGIS) by OpenLandMap, were used. CH<sub>4</sub>PP was correlated with 1:10 pH, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) measured after incubation. Although CH<sub>4</sub>PP showed no significant correlation with any soil properties measured before incubation, CH<sub>4</sub>PP was correlated with SOC, 1:10 electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable ammonium (ExNH<sub>4</sub>), and sand content. It was thought that SOC and ExNH<sub>4</sub> were related to organic matter decomposition, 1:10 EC was related to SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> reduction and sand content was related to free oxides. Predicted regional CH<sub>4</sub>PP was similar in Ayutthaya and Khonkaen, although SOC, ExNH<sub>4</sub> and 1:10 EC was higher, and sand content was lower in Ayutthaya than in Khonkaen. In both regions, the distribution of CH<sub>4</sub>PP corresponded to SOC, and CH<sub>4</sub>PP was lower with lower sand content and higher 1:10 EC. In clayey Ayutthaya, higher CH<sub>4</sub>PP was observed in the area with higher ExNH<sub>4</sub>. This indicates that soil properties other than soil texture and SOC influence CH<sub>4</sub>PP in the paddy fields in Thailand. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:13:28Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a134aa57ddd140ef9a0aa4501183c73f2023-11-21T20:38:57ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722021-05-0111546710.3390/agriculture11050467Evaluation of CH<sub>4</sub> Emission in Two Paddy Field Areas, Khonkaen and Ayutthaya, in ThailandPongsathorn Sukdanont0Noppol Arunrat1Suphachai Amkha2Ryusuke Hatano3Laboratory of Soil Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, JapanFaculty of Environment and Resources Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, ThailandDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaengsaen, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, ThailandLaboratory of Soil Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, JapanIt is well known that submerged soils emit high levels of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) due to oxygen deprivation and free iron oxide causing a quick reduction. However, there are other soil properties that control the reduction processes in soil, especially the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC). This study aimed to investigate the major factors controlling CH<sub>4</sub> production potential (CH<sub>4</sub>PP) in Thai paddy fields. Two provinces, Ayutthaya, a clay soil region, and Khonkaen, a sandy soil region, were selected to represent a wide range of soil textures. Soil characteristic analysis pre- and post-incubation, and weekly gas detection in an incubation experiment over two months, was conducted. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was employed to analyze major soil factors controlling CH<sub>4</sub>PP. For the regional prediction of CH<sub>4</sub>PP, a map dataset of Ayutthaya and Khonkaen by the Land Development Department, Thailand, and a soil texture map (with intersected point data using the soil property map in ArcGIS) by OpenLandMap, were used. CH<sub>4</sub>PP was correlated with 1:10 pH, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) measured after incubation. Although CH<sub>4</sub>PP showed no significant correlation with any soil properties measured before incubation, CH<sub>4</sub>PP was correlated with SOC, 1:10 electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable ammonium (ExNH<sub>4</sub>), and sand content. It was thought that SOC and ExNH<sub>4</sub> were related to organic matter decomposition, 1:10 EC was related to SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> reduction and sand content was related to free oxides. Predicted regional CH<sub>4</sub>PP was similar in Ayutthaya and Khonkaen, although SOC, ExNH<sub>4</sub> and 1:10 EC was higher, and sand content was lower in Ayutthaya than in Khonkaen. In both regions, the distribution of CH<sub>4</sub>PP corresponded to SOC, and CH<sub>4</sub>PP was lower with lower sand content and higher 1:10 EC. In clayey Ayutthaya, higher CH<sub>4</sub>PP was observed in the area with higher ExNH<sub>4</sub>. This indicates that soil properties other than soil texture and SOC influence CH<sub>4</sub>PP in the paddy fields in Thailand.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/5/467CH<sub>4</sub> production potentialincubation studypaddy fieldmollisolsultisols |
| spellingShingle | Pongsathorn Sukdanont Noppol Arunrat Suphachai Amkha Ryusuke Hatano Evaluation of CH<sub>4</sub> Emission in Two Paddy Field Areas, Khonkaen and Ayutthaya, in Thailand Agriculture CH<sub>4</sub> production potential incubation study paddy field mollisols ultisols |
| title | Evaluation of CH<sub>4</sub> Emission in Two Paddy Field Areas, Khonkaen and Ayutthaya, in Thailand |
| title_full | Evaluation of CH<sub>4</sub> Emission in Two Paddy Field Areas, Khonkaen and Ayutthaya, in Thailand |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of CH<sub>4</sub> Emission in Two Paddy Field Areas, Khonkaen and Ayutthaya, in Thailand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of CH<sub>4</sub> Emission in Two Paddy Field Areas, Khonkaen and Ayutthaya, in Thailand |
| title_short | Evaluation of CH<sub>4</sub> Emission in Two Paddy Field Areas, Khonkaen and Ayutthaya, in Thailand |
| title_sort | evaluation of ch sub 4 sub emission in two paddy field areas khonkaen and ayutthaya in thailand |
| topic | CH<sub>4</sub> production potential incubation study paddy field mollisols ultisols |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/5/467 |
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