<i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era
<i>Salmonella enterica</i> subsp. <i>enterica</i> serovar Gallinarum (<i>S</i>G) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/23 |
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| author | Mouad Farhat Slimane Khayi Jaouad Berrada Mohamed Mouahid Najia Ameur Hosny El-Adawy Siham Fellahi |
| author_facet | Mouad Farhat Slimane Khayi Jaouad Berrada Mohamed Mouahid Najia Ameur Hosny El-Adawy Siham Fellahi |
| author_sort | Mouad Farhat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> subsp. <i>enterica</i> serovar Gallinarum (<i>S</i>G) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:07:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a152f3f9c093497c98cf071cc8024a29 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:07:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-a152f3f9c093497c98cf071cc8024a292024-01-26T14:36:41ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-12-011312310.3390/antibiotics13010023<i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic EraMouad Farhat0Slimane Khayi1Jaouad Berrada2Mohamed Mouahid3Najia Ameur4Hosny El-Adawy5Siham Fellahi6Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, MoroccoBiotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, Rabat Principale, BP 415, Rabat 10090, MoroccoDepartment of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, MoroccoMouahid’s Veterinary Clinic, Temara 12000, MoroccoDepartment of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Institute of Hygiene. Av. Ibn Batouta, 27, BP 769, Rabat 10000, MoroccoInstitute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, GermanyDepartment of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco<i>Salmonella enterica</i> subsp. <i>enterica</i> serovar Gallinarum (<i>S</i>G) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/23<i>Salmonella</i> Gallinarum<i>Salmonella</i> Pullorumdiagnosisvaccinationvirulencemulti-drug resistance |
| spellingShingle | Mouad Farhat Slimane Khayi Jaouad Berrada Mohamed Mouahid Najia Ameur Hosny El-Adawy Siham Fellahi <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era Antibiotics <i>Salmonella</i> Gallinarum <i>Salmonella</i> Pullorum diagnosis vaccination virulence multi-drug resistance |
| title | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era |
| title_full | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era |
| title_fullStr | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era |
| title_short | <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era |
| title_sort | i salmonella enterica i serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum in poultry review of pathogenesis antibiotic resistance diagnosis and control in the genomic era |
| topic | <i>Salmonella</i> Gallinarum <i>Salmonella</i> Pullorum diagnosis vaccination virulence multi-drug resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/13/1/23 |
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