Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans
Massive phytoplankton proliferation, and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks: filter-feeding mollusks, such as shellfish, mussels, oysters or clams, can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain and present a threat for consumers&am...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-05-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/16/6/188 |
| _version_ | 1798038395703787520 |
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| author | Federica Farabegoli Lucía Blanco Laura P. Rodríguez Juan Manuel Vieites Ana García Cabado |
| author_facet | Federica Farabegoli Lucía Blanco Laura P. Rodríguez Juan Manuel Vieites Ana García Cabado |
| author_sort | Federica Farabegoli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Massive phytoplankton proliferation, and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks: filter-feeding mollusks, such as shellfish, mussels, oysters or clams, can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain and present a threat for consumers’ health. Particular environmental and climatic conditions favor this natural phenomenon, called harmful algal blooms (HABs); the phytoplankton species mostly involved in these toxic events are dinoflagellates or diatoms belonging to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, Dinophysis, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Substantial economic losses ensue after HABs occurrence: the sectors mainly affected include commercial fisheries, tourism, recreational activities, and public health monitoring and management. A wide range of symptoms, from digestive to nervous, are associated to human intoxication by biotoxins, characterizing different and specific syndromes, called paralytic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. This review provides a complete and updated survey of phycotoxins usually found in marine invertebrate organisms and their relevant properties, gathering information about the origin, the species where they were found, as well as their mechanism of action and main effects on humans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T21:39:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a1565d628e5149cd8502c723585d5517 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T21:39:37Z |
| publishDate | 2018-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-a1565d628e5149cd8502c723585d55172022-12-22T04:01:38ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972018-05-0116618810.3390/md16060188md16060188Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on HumansFederica Farabegoli0Lucía Blanco1Laura P. Rodríguez2Juan Manuel Vieites3Ana García Cabado4Food Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), SpainFood Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), SpainFood Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), SpainFood Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), SpainFood Safety and Industrial Hygiene Division, ANFACO-CECOPESCA. 16, Crta. Colexio Universitario, 36310 Vigo (Pontevedra), SpainMassive phytoplankton proliferation, and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks: filter-feeding mollusks, such as shellfish, mussels, oysters or clams, can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain and present a threat for consumers’ health. Particular environmental and climatic conditions favor this natural phenomenon, called harmful algal blooms (HABs); the phytoplankton species mostly involved in these toxic events are dinoflagellates or diatoms belonging to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, Dinophysis, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Substantial economic losses ensue after HABs occurrence: the sectors mainly affected include commercial fisheries, tourism, recreational activities, and public health monitoring and management. A wide range of symptoms, from digestive to nervous, are associated to human intoxication by biotoxins, characterizing different and specific syndromes, called paralytic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. This review provides a complete and updated survey of phycotoxins usually found in marine invertebrate organisms and their relevant properties, gathering information about the origin, the species where they were found, as well as their mechanism of action and main effects on humans.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/16/6/188shellfish toxinsbiotoxinsHABsDSPPSPASPNSPtoxic phytoplankton |
| spellingShingle | Federica Farabegoli Lucía Blanco Laura P. Rodríguez Juan Manuel Vieites Ana García Cabado Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans Marine Drugs shellfish toxins biotoxins HABs DSP PSP ASP NSP toxic phytoplankton |
| title | Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans |
| title_full | Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans |
| title_fullStr | Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans |
| title_short | Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans |
| title_sort | phycotoxins in marine shellfish origin occurrence and effects on humans |
| topic | shellfish toxins biotoxins HABs DSP PSP ASP NSP toxic phytoplankton |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/16/6/188 |
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