The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view
The interaction of HIV-1, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), and elite controllers (EC) compose a still intricate triad. Elite controllers maintain a very low viral load and a normal CD4 count, even without antiretrovirals. There is a lot of diversity in HIV subtypes and HLA alleles. The most common sub...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S141386702100088X |
| _version_ | 1818986695302840320 |
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| author | Luciano Werle Lunardi Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte Gustavo Fioravanti Vieira |
| author_facet | Luciano Werle Lunardi Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte Gustavo Fioravanti Vieira |
| author_sort | Luciano Werle Lunardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The interaction of HIV-1, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), and elite controllers (EC) compose a still intricate triad. Elite controllers maintain a very low viral load and a normal CD4 count, even without antiretrovirals. There is a lot of diversity in HIV subtypes and HLA alleles. The most common subtype in each country varies depending on its localization and epidemiological history. As we know EC appears to maintain an effective CD8 response against HIV. In this phenomenon, some alleles of HLAs are associated with a slow progression of HIV infection, others with a rapid progression. This relationship also depends on the virus subtype. Epitopes of Gag protein-restricted by HLA-B*57 generated a considerable immune response in EC. However, some mutations allow HIV to escape the CD8 response, while others do not. HLA protective alleles, like HLA-B*27, HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*58:01, that are common in Caucasians infected with HIV-1 Clade B, do not show the same protection in sub-Saharan Africans infected by HIV-1 Clade C. Endogenous pathway of antigen processing and presentation is used to present intracellular synthesized cellular peptides as well as viral protein fragments via the MHC class I molecule to the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Some epitopes are immunodominant, which means that they drive the immune reaction to some virus. Mutation on an anchor residue of epitope necessary for binding on MHC class I is used by HIV to escape the immune system. Mutations inside or flanking an epitope may lead to T cell lack of recognition and CTL escape. Studying how immunodominance at epitopes drives the EC in a geographically dependent way with genetics and immunological elements orchestrating it may help future research on vaccines or immunotherapy for HIV. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T18:54:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a1985119541f4944a1de4fcec922d4d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1413-8670 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T18:54:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-a1985119541f4944a1de4fcec922d4d32022-12-21T19:29:32ZengElsevierBrazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases1413-86702021-09-01255101619The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting viewLuciano Werle Lunardi0Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte1Gustavo Fioravanti Vieira2Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade La Salle Canoas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Canoas, RS, Brazil; Corresponding author at: Avenida Victor Barreto, 2288, Centro. Canoas, RS CEP 92010-000, Brazil.The interaction of HIV-1, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), and elite controllers (EC) compose a still intricate triad. Elite controllers maintain a very low viral load and a normal CD4 count, even without antiretrovirals. There is a lot of diversity in HIV subtypes and HLA alleles. The most common subtype in each country varies depending on its localization and epidemiological history. As we know EC appears to maintain an effective CD8 response against HIV. In this phenomenon, some alleles of HLAs are associated with a slow progression of HIV infection, others with a rapid progression. This relationship also depends on the virus subtype. Epitopes of Gag protein-restricted by HLA-B*57 generated a considerable immune response in EC. However, some mutations allow HIV to escape the CD8 response, while others do not. HLA protective alleles, like HLA-B*27, HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*58:01, that are common in Caucasians infected with HIV-1 Clade B, do not show the same protection in sub-Saharan Africans infected by HIV-1 Clade C. Endogenous pathway of antigen processing and presentation is used to present intracellular synthesized cellular peptides as well as viral protein fragments via the MHC class I molecule to the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Some epitopes are immunodominant, which means that they drive the immune reaction to some virus. Mutation on an anchor residue of epitope necessary for binding on MHC class I is used by HIV to escape the immune system. Mutations inside or flanking an epitope may lead to T cell lack of recognition and CTL escape. Studying how immunodominance at epitopes drives the EC in a geographically dependent way with genetics and immunological elements orchestrating it may help future research on vaccines or immunotherapy for HIV.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S141386702100088XHIVHLA class IElite controllersImmunodominant epitopesMutation |
| spellingShingle | Luciano Werle Lunardi Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte Gustavo Fioravanti Vieira The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases HIV HLA class I Elite controllers Immunodominant epitopes Mutation |
| title | The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view |
| title_full | The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view |
| title_fullStr | The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view |
| title_full_unstemmed | The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view |
| title_short | The influence of HLA/HIV genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view |
| title_sort | influence of hla hiv genetics on the occurrence of elite controllers and a need for therapeutics geotargeting view |
| topic | HIV HLA class I Elite controllers Immunodominant epitopes Mutation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S141386702100088X |
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