Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count Analysis
Total white blood cells count is an important diagnostic parameter in both human and veterinary medicines. State-of-the-art is performed by flow cytometry combined with light scattering or impedance measurements. Spectroscopy point-of-care has the advantages of miniaturization, low sampling, and rea...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Chemosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/10/11/460 |
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| author | Teresa Guerra Barroso Lenio Ribeiro Hugo Gregório Filipe Monteiro-Silva Filipe Neves dos Santos Rui Costa Martins |
| author_facet | Teresa Guerra Barroso Lenio Ribeiro Hugo Gregório Filipe Monteiro-Silva Filipe Neves dos Santos Rui Costa Martins |
| author_sort | Teresa Guerra Barroso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Total white blood cells count is an important diagnostic parameter in both human and veterinary medicines. State-of-the-art is performed by flow cytometry combined with light scattering or impedance measurements. Spectroscopy point-of-care has the advantages of miniaturization, low sampling, and real-time hemogram analysis. While white blood cells are in low proportions, while red blood cells and bilirubin dominate spectral information, complicating detection in blood. We performed a feasibility study for the direct detection of white blood cells counts in canine blood by visible-near infrared spectroscopy for veterinary applications, benchmarking current chemometrics techniques (similarity, global and local partial least squares, artificial neural networks and least-squares support vector machines) with self-learning artificial intelligence, introducing data augmentation to overcome the hurdle of knowledge representativity. White blood cells count information is present in the recorded spectra, allowing significant discrimination and equivalence between hemogram and spectra principal component scores. Chemometrics methods correlate white blood cells count to spectral features but with lower accuracy. Self-Learning Artificial Intelligence has the highest correlation (0.8478) and a small standard error of 6.92 × 10<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>9</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> cells/L, corresponding to a mean absolute percentage error of 25.37%. Such allows the accurate diagnosis of white blood cells in the range of values of the reference interval (5.6 to 17.8 × 10<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>9</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> cells/L) and above. This research is an important step toward the existence of a miniaturized spectral point-of-care hemogram analyzer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:10:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a1d6fc20000746adb28f2172060cd82a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9040 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:10:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-a1d6fc20000746adb28f2172060cd82a2023-11-24T04:10:34ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402022-11-01101146010.3390/chemosensors10110460Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count AnalysisTeresa Guerra Barroso0Lenio Ribeiro1Hugo Gregório2Filipe Monteiro-Silva3Filipe Neves dos Santos4Rui Costa Martins5TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, PortugalAnicura CHV Porto—Veterinary Hospital Center, R. Manuel Pinto de Azevedo 118, 4100-320 Porto, PortugalTOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, PortugalINESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalINESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalINESC TEC—Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, PortugalTotal white blood cells count is an important diagnostic parameter in both human and veterinary medicines. State-of-the-art is performed by flow cytometry combined with light scattering or impedance measurements. Spectroscopy point-of-care has the advantages of miniaturization, low sampling, and real-time hemogram analysis. While white blood cells are in low proportions, while red blood cells and bilirubin dominate spectral information, complicating detection in blood. We performed a feasibility study for the direct detection of white blood cells counts in canine blood by visible-near infrared spectroscopy for veterinary applications, benchmarking current chemometrics techniques (similarity, global and local partial least squares, artificial neural networks and least-squares support vector machines) with self-learning artificial intelligence, introducing data augmentation to overcome the hurdle of knowledge representativity. White blood cells count information is present in the recorded spectra, allowing significant discrimination and equivalence between hemogram and spectra principal component scores. Chemometrics methods correlate white blood cells count to spectral features but with lower accuracy. Self-Learning Artificial Intelligence has the highest correlation (0.8478) and a small standard error of 6.92 × 10<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>9</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> cells/L, corresponding to a mean absolute percentage error of 25.37%. Such allows the accurate diagnosis of white blood cells in the range of values of the reference interval (5.6 to 17.8 × 10<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>9</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> cells/L) and above. This research is an important step toward the existence of a miniaturized spectral point-of-care hemogram analyzer.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/10/11/460point-of-carespectroscopywhite blood cellsartificial intelligence |
| spellingShingle | Teresa Guerra Barroso Lenio Ribeiro Hugo Gregório Filipe Monteiro-Silva Filipe Neves dos Santos Rui Costa Martins Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count Analysis Chemosensors point-of-care spectroscopy white blood cells artificial intelligence |
| title | Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count Analysis |
| title_full | Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count Analysis |
| title_short | Point-of-Care Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy for White Blood Cell Count Analysis |
| title_sort | point of care using vis nir spectroscopy for white blood cell count analysis |
| topic | point-of-care spectroscopy white blood cells artificial intelligence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/10/11/460 |
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