Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron
Drinking water containing nitrate ions at a higher concentration level of more than 10 mg/L, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), poses a considerable peril to humans. This danger lies in its reduction of nitrite ions. These ions cause methemoglobinemia during the oxidation of hemoglobi...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/8/2552 |
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| author | Hany M. Abd El-Lateef Mai M. Khalaf Alaa El-dien Al-Fengary Mahmoud Elrouby |
| author_facet | Hany M. Abd El-Lateef Mai M. Khalaf Alaa El-dien Al-Fengary Mahmoud Elrouby |
| author_sort | Hany M. Abd El-Lateef |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Drinking water containing nitrate ions at a higher concentration level of more than 10 mg/L, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), poses a considerable peril to humans. This danger lies in its reduction of nitrite ions. These ions cause methemoglobinemia during the oxidation of hemoglobin into methemoglobin. Many protocols can be applied to the remediation of nitrate ions from hydra solutions such as Zn metal and amino sulfonic acid. Furthermore, the electrochemical process is a potent protocol that is useful for this purpose. Designing varying parameters, such as the type of cathodic electrode (Sn, Al, Fe, Cu), the type of electrolyte, and its concentration, temperature, pH, and current density, can give the best conditions to eliminate the nitrate as a pollutant. Moreover, the use of accessible, functional, and inexpensive adsorbents such as granular ferric hydroxide, modified zeolite, rice chaff, chitosan, perlite, red mud, and activated carbon are considered a possible approach for nitrate removal. Additionally, biological denitrification is considered one of the most promising methodologies attributable to its outstanding performance. Among these powerful methods and materials exist zero-valent iron (ZVI), which is used effectively in the deletion process of nitrate ions. Non-precious synthesis pathways are utilized to reduce the Fe<sup>2+</sup> or Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions by borohydride to obtain ZVI. The structural and morphological characteristics of ZVI are elucidated using UV–Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. The adsorptive properties are estimated through batch experiments, which are achieved to control the feasibility of ZVI as an adsorbent under the effects of Fe<sup>0</sup> dose, concentration of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ions, and pH. The obtained literature findings recommend that ZVI is an appropriate applicant adsorbent for the remediation of nitrate ions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:21:08Z |
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| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:21:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-a1db7416fcb443798df593e960cc2a4a2023-12-03T13:46:52ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-04-01278255210.3390/molecules27082552Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent IronHany M. Abd El-Lateef0Mai M. Khalaf1Alaa El-dien Al-Fengary2Mahmoud Elrouby3Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi ArabiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, EgyptChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82425, EgyptDrinking water containing nitrate ions at a higher concentration level of more than 10 mg/L, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), poses a considerable peril to humans. This danger lies in its reduction of nitrite ions. These ions cause methemoglobinemia during the oxidation of hemoglobin into methemoglobin. Many protocols can be applied to the remediation of nitrate ions from hydra solutions such as Zn metal and amino sulfonic acid. Furthermore, the electrochemical process is a potent protocol that is useful for this purpose. Designing varying parameters, such as the type of cathodic electrode (Sn, Al, Fe, Cu), the type of electrolyte, and its concentration, temperature, pH, and current density, can give the best conditions to eliminate the nitrate as a pollutant. Moreover, the use of accessible, functional, and inexpensive adsorbents such as granular ferric hydroxide, modified zeolite, rice chaff, chitosan, perlite, red mud, and activated carbon are considered a possible approach for nitrate removal. Additionally, biological denitrification is considered one of the most promising methodologies attributable to its outstanding performance. Among these powerful methods and materials exist zero-valent iron (ZVI), which is used effectively in the deletion process of nitrate ions. Non-precious synthesis pathways are utilized to reduce the Fe<sup>2+</sup> or Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions by borohydride to obtain ZVI. The structural and morphological characteristics of ZVI are elucidated using UV–Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. The adsorptive properties are estimated through batch experiments, which are achieved to control the feasibility of ZVI as an adsorbent under the effects of Fe<sup>0</sup> dose, concentration of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> ions, and pH. The obtained literature findings recommend that ZVI is an appropriate applicant adsorbent for the remediation of nitrate ions.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/8/2552potable watertreatmentnitrate removalzero-valent ironelectrochemical methodphysical adsorption method |
| spellingShingle | Hany M. Abd El-Lateef Mai M. Khalaf Alaa El-dien Al-Fengary Mahmoud Elrouby Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron Molecules potable water treatment nitrate removal zero-valent iron electrochemical method physical adsorption method |
| title | Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron |
| title_full | Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron |
| title_fullStr | Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron |
| title_full_unstemmed | Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron |
| title_short | Removal of the Harmful Nitrate Anions from Potable Water Using Different Methods and Materials, including Zero-Valent Iron |
| title_sort | removal of the harmful nitrate anions from potable water using different methods and materials including zero valent iron |
| topic | potable water treatment nitrate removal zero-valent iron electrochemical method physical adsorption method |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/8/2552 |
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