Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron Recognition
More than a year after the first vaccines against the novel SARS-CoV-2 were approved, many questions still remain about the long-term protection conferred by each vaccine. How long the effect lasts, how effective it is against variants of concern and whether further vaccinations will confer addition...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1563 |
| _version_ | 1797481567784796160 |
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| author | Franz Mai Johann Volzke Emil C. Reisinger Brigitte Müller-Hilke |
| author_facet | Franz Mai Johann Volzke Emil C. Reisinger Brigitte Müller-Hilke |
| author_sort | Franz Mai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | More than a year after the first vaccines against the novel SARS-CoV-2 were approved, many questions still remain about the long-term protection conferred by each vaccine. How long the effect lasts, how effective it is against variants of concern and whether further vaccinations will confer additional benefits remain part of current and future research. For this purpose, we examined 182 health care employees—some of them with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection—12 months after different primary immunizations. To assess antibody responses, we performed an electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA) to determine anti-spike IgGs, followed by a surrogate virus neutralization assay against Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1.1.529/BA.1 (Omicron). T cell response against wild-type and the Omicron variants of concern were assessed via interferon-gamma ELISpot assays and T-cell surface and intracellular cytokine staining. In summary, our results show that after the third vaccination with an mRNA vaccine, differences in antibody quantity and functionality observed after different primary immunizations were equalized. As for the T cell response, we were able to demonstrate a memory function for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells alike. Importantly, both T and antibody responses against wild-type and omicron differed significantly; however, antibody and T cell responses did not correlate with each other and, thus, may contribute differentially to immunity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:16:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a1e2ad7dd6b84ceb8d540f25c6ed91a9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:16:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-a1e2ad7dd6b84ceb8d540f25c6ed91a92023-11-23T19:23:16ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2022-09-01109156310.3390/vaccines10091563Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron RecognitionFranz Mai0Johann Volzke1Emil C. Reisinger2Brigitte Müller-Hilke3Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18055 Rostock, GermanyCore Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18055 Rostock, GermanyDivision of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, 18055 Rostock, GermanyCore Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18055 Rostock, GermanyMore than a year after the first vaccines against the novel SARS-CoV-2 were approved, many questions still remain about the long-term protection conferred by each vaccine. How long the effect lasts, how effective it is against variants of concern and whether further vaccinations will confer additional benefits remain part of current and future research. For this purpose, we examined 182 health care employees—some of them with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection—12 months after different primary immunizations. To assess antibody responses, we performed an electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA) to determine anti-spike IgGs, followed by a surrogate virus neutralization assay against Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1.1.529/BA.1 (Omicron). T cell response against wild-type and the Omicron variants of concern were assessed via interferon-gamma ELISpot assays and T-cell surface and intracellular cytokine staining. In summary, our results show that after the third vaccination with an mRNA vaccine, differences in antibody quantity and functionality observed after different primary immunizations were equalized. As for the T cell response, we were able to demonstrate a memory function for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells alike. Importantly, both T and antibody responses against wild-type and omicron differed significantly; however, antibody and T cell responses did not correlate with each other and, thus, may contribute differentially to immunity.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1563SARS-CoV-2COVID-19homologous and heterologous vaccination regimeB cell memoryT cell memoryCD4 |
| spellingShingle | Franz Mai Johann Volzke Emil C. Reisinger Brigitte Müller-Hilke Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron Recognition Vaccines SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 homologous and heterologous vaccination regime B cell memory T cell memory CD4 |
| title | Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron Recognition |
| title_full | Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron Recognition |
| title_fullStr | Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron Recognition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron Recognition |
| title_short | Vaccine-Induced T-Cell and Antibody Responses at 12 Months after Full Vaccination Differ with Respect to Omicron Recognition |
| title_sort | vaccine induced t cell and antibody responses at 12 months after full vaccination differ with respect to omicron recognition |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 homologous and heterologous vaccination regime B cell memory T cell memory CD4 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/10/9/1563 |
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