Probiotic-Bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>)-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity
Recently, fabricated nanoparticles (NPs), which can efficiently penetrate biological systems, have found increased usage in the health and hygiene industries. Microbial enzymes and proteins have recently shown their potential to act as reducing agents for the production of NPs, thereby providing an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Fermentation |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/5/413 |
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| author | Rajeshkumar Shanmugam Tharani Munusamy Santhoshkumar Jayakodi Khalid A. Al-Ghanim Marcello Nicoletti Nadezhda Sachivkina Marimuthu Govindarajan |
| author_facet | Rajeshkumar Shanmugam Tharani Munusamy Santhoshkumar Jayakodi Khalid A. Al-Ghanim Marcello Nicoletti Nadezhda Sachivkina Marimuthu Govindarajan |
| author_sort | Rajeshkumar Shanmugam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recently, fabricated nanoparticles (NPs), which can efficiently penetrate biological systems, have found increased usage in the health and hygiene industries. Microbial enzymes and proteins have recently shown their potential to act as reducing agents for the production of NPs, thereby providing an alternative to physical and chemical methods. Not only is this approach efficient and cost-effective, but it also produces a minimal ecological footprint. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using probiotic bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>) as the reducing and capping agent. Several analytical methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used to analyze the produced ZnO NPs. The SEM analysis confirmed the spherical form of the nanoparticles and estimated their average size to be between 100 and 120 nm. FT-IR analysis verified that the ZnO NPs’ surfaces contained many functional groups. X-ray diffraction examination evidenced that the biogenically produced nanoparticles were crystalline. AFM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles’ size was about 90–100 nm. The maximum absorption peak, determined via a UV–visible spectrophotometer, was 510 nm. The synthesized ZnO NPs’ antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains was tested, and the highest level of antimicrobial activity was noted against a <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> strain. The maximum concentration, namely, 20 mM of ZnO NPs, showed the highest antimicrobial activity. These observations indicate that the synthesized ZnO NPs possess remarkable antimicrobial potency. This method is an efficient, environmentally friendly, cost-effective approach for producing ZnO NPs that are useful for various biomedical applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:45:56Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-5637 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:45:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fermentation |
| spelling | doaj.art-a213c95de95241fcb6f328ae359d79922023-11-18T01:17:26ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372023-04-019541310.3390/fermentation9050413Probiotic-Bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>)-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial ActivityRajeshkumar Shanmugam0Tharani Munusamy1Santhoshkumar Jayakodi2Khalid A. Al-Ghanim3Marcello Nicoletti4Nadezhda Sachivkina5Marimuthu Govindarajan6Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Environmental Biology, Foundation in Unam Sapientiam, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Microbiology V.S. Kiktenko, Institute of Medicine, Peoples Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, RussiaUnit of Mycology and Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, IndiaRecently, fabricated nanoparticles (NPs), which can efficiently penetrate biological systems, have found increased usage in the health and hygiene industries. Microbial enzymes and proteins have recently shown their potential to act as reducing agents for the production of NPs, thereby providing an alternative to physical and chemical methods. Not only is this approach efficient and cost-effective, but it also produces a minimal ecological footprint. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using probiotic bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>) as the reducing and capping agent. Several analytical methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used to analyze the produced ZnO NPs. The SEM analysis confirmed the spherical form of the nanoparticles and estimated their average size to be between 100 and 120 nm. FT-IR analysis verified that the ZnO NPs’ surfaces contained many functional groups. X-ray diffraction examination evidenced that the biogenically produced nanoparticles were crystalline. AFM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles’ size was about 90–100 nm. The maximum absorption peak, determined via a UV–visible spectrophotometer, was 510 nm. The synthesized ZnO NPs’ antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains was tested, and the highest level of antimicrobial activity was noted against a <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> strain. The maximum concentration, namely, 20 mM of ZnO NPs, showed the highest antimicrobial activity. These observations indicate that the synthesized ZnO NPs possess remarkable antimicrobial potency. This method is an efficient, environmentally friendly, cost-effective approach for producing ZnO NPs that are useful for various biomedical applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/5/413green synthesisnanoparticlesfish pathogenbio-medicinal application<i>Vibrio harvey</i><i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i> |
| spellingShingle | Rajeshkumar Shanmugam Tharani Munusamy Santhoshkumar Jayakodi Khalid A. Al-Ghanim Marcello Nicoletti Nadezhda Sachivkina Marimuthu Govindarajan Probiotic-Bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>)-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity Fermentation green synthesis nanoparticles fish pathogen bio-medicinal application <i>Vibrio harvey</i> <i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i> |
| title | Probiotic-Bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>)-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity |
| title_full | Probiotic-Bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>)-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity |
| title_fullStr | Probiotic-Bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>)-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Probiotic-Bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>)-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity |
| title_short | Probiotic-Bacteria (<i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i>)-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity |
| title_sort | probiotic bacteria i lactobacillus fermentum i wrapped zinc oxide nanoparticles biosynthesis characterization and antibacterial activity |
| topic | green synthesis nanoparticles fish pathogen bio-medicinal application <i>Vibrio harvey</i> <i>Lactobacillus fermentum</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/5/413 |
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