New Insights into Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
The endothelium is a monocellular layer covering the inner surface of blood vessels. It maintains vascular homeostasis regulating vascular tone and permeability and exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-thrombotic functions. When the endothelium is exposed to detrimenta...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-03-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/5/2973 |
| _version_ | 1797264376631132160 |
|---|---|
| author | Giovanna Gallo Carmine Savoia |
| author_facet | Giovanna Gallo Carmine Savoia |
| author_sort | Giovanna Gallo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The endothelium is a monocellular layer covering the inner surface of blood vessels. It maintains vascular homeostasis regulating vascular tone and permeability and exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-thrombotic functions. When the endothelium is exposed to detrimental stimuli including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and neurohormonal imbalance, different biological pathways are activated leading to oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, increased secretion of adipokines, cytokines, endothelin-1, and fibroblast growth factor, and reduced nitric oxide production, leading eventually to a loss of integrity. Endothelial dysfunction has emerged as a hallmark of dysmetabolic vascular impairment and contributes to detrimental effects on cardiac metabolism and diastolic dysfunction, and to the development of cardiovascular diseases including heart failure. Different biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction have been proposed to predict cardiovascular diseases in order to identify microvascular and macrovascular damage and the development of atherosclerosis, particularly in metabolic disorders. Endothelial dysfunction also plays an important role in the development of severe COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications in dysmetabolic patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we will discuss the biological mechanisms involved in endothelial dysregulation in the context of cardiometabolic diseases as well as the available and promising biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in clinical practice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:27:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a21738181dbe426abea70cbf92a06c6e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:27:55Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a21738181dbe426abea70cbf92a06c6e2024-03-12T16:47:05ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-03-01255297310.3390/ijms25052973New Insights into Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical ImplicationsGiovanna Gallo0Carmine Savoia1Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035–1039, 00189 Rome, ItalyClinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035–1039, 00189 Rome, ItalyThe endothelium is a monocellular layer covering the inner surface of blood vessels. It maintains vascular homeostasis regulating vascular tone and permeability and exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-thrombotic functions. When the endothelium is exposed to detrimental stimuli including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and neurohormonal imbalance, different biological pathways are activated leading to oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, increased secretion of adipokines, cytokines, endothelin-1, and fibroblast growth factor, and reduced nitric oxide production, leading eventually to a loss of integrity. Endothelial dysfunction has emerged as a hallmark of dysmetabolic vascular impairment and contributes to detrimental effects on cardiac metabolism and diastolic dysfunction, and to the development of cardiovascular diseases including heart failure. Different biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction have been proposed to predict cardiovascular diseases in order to identify microvascular and macrovascular damage and the development of atherosclerosis, particularly in metabolic disorders. Endothelial dysfunction also plays an important role in the development of severe COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications in dysmetabolic patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we will discuss the biological mechanisms involved in endothelial dysregulation in the context of cardiometabolic diseases as well as the available and promising biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in clinical practice.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/5/2973endotheliumdiabetesmetabolic syndromeendothelial dysregulationcardiometabolic diseases |
| spellingShingle | Giovanna Gallo Carmine Savoia New Insights into Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications International Journal of Molecular Sciences endothelium diabetes metabolic syndrome endothelial dysregulation cardiometabolic diseases |
| title | New Insights into Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications |
| title_full | New Insights into Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications |
| title_fullStr | New Insights into Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | New Insights into Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications |
| title_short | New Insights into Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications |
| title_sort | new insights into endothelial dysfunction in cardiometabolic diseases potential mechanisms and clinical implications |
| topic | endothelium diabetes metabolic syndrome endothelial dysregulation cardiometabolic diseases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/5/2973 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT giovannagallo newinsightsintoendothelialdysfunctionincardiometabolicdiseasespotentialmechanismsandclinicalimplications AT carminesavoia newinsightsintoendothelialdysfunctionincardiometabolicdiseasespotentialmechanismsandclinicalimplications |