What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review
A variety of new sources describing community pharmacy-based take-home naloxone (THN) programs have emerged recently in the literature. There is a need to define the types of take-home naloxone programs being offered to support future research designs in implementing and evaluating standardized prog...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-02-01
|
| Series: | Pharmacy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/9/1/30 |
| _version_ | 1797416601879838720 |
|---|---|
| author | Ashley Cid George Daskalakis Kelly Grindrod Michael A. Beazely |
| author_facet | Ashley Cid George Daskalakis Kelly Grindrod Michael A. Beazely |
| author_sort | Ashley Cid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A variety of new sources describing community pharmacy-based take-home naloxone (THN) programs have emerged recently in the literature. There is a need to define the types of take-home naloxone programs being offered to support future research designs in implementing and evaluating standardized programs that fill pharmacist and patient knowledge gaps and lift current barriers for optimal community pharmacy naloxone provision. The objective of this paper is to summarize the literature on community pharmacy-based THN programs, including specific program interventions used to increase naloxone dispensing, naloxone availability and dispensing patterns, facilitators and barriers for the THN programs, and knowledge gaps. Online databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) and a search of the grey literature were used to identify eligible sources. Sources were screened by two reviewers for eligibility in COVIDENCE software. Both reviewers compared screening results and resolved conflicts through discussion. A data extraction form for all identified full texts was completed by both reviewers and results were compiled through reviewer discussion. Fifty-two sources met the eligibility criteria. The top three barriers identified were: cost/coverage of naloxone, stigma, and education/training for pharmacists. THN program interventions included screening tools, checklists, pocket cards, patient brochures, and utilizing the pharmacy management system to flag eligible patients. Patient knowledge gaps included naloxone misinformation and lack of awareness, while pharmacists demonstrated administrative, clinical, and counselling knowledge gaps. Naloxone availability was found to be highly variable, where independent and rural pharmacies were less likely to stock or dispense naloxone. Further, pharmacies located in districts with higher rates of opioid overdose deaths and lower household income were also less likely to have naloxone available. This review identified multiple new programs, showcasing that the implementation and evaluation of THN programs are an expanding area of research. Future research should focus on implementing and evaluating a THN program through a randomized controlled trial design that incorporates solutions for the barriers and knowledge gaps identified in this study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:05:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a22b46bd6d9943d7b5a9f669d30f9144 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2226-4787 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:05:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmacy |
| spelling | doaj.art-a22b46bd6d9943d7b5a9f669d30f91442023-12-03T12:04:03ZengMDPI AGPharmacy2226-47872021-02-01913010.3390/pharmacy9010030What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping ReviewAshley Cid0George Daskalakis1Kelly Grindrod2Michael A. Beazely3School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St S A, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, CanadaSchool of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St S A, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, CanadaSchool of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St S A, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, CanadaSchool of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10 Victoria St S A, Kitchener, ON N2G 1C5, CanadaA variety of new sources describing community pharmacy-based take-home naloxone (THN) programs have emerged recently in the literature. There is a need to define the types of take-home naloxone programs being offered to support future research designs in implementing and evaluating standardized programs that fill pharmacist and patient knowledge gaps and lift current barriers for optimal community pharmacy naloxone provision. The objective of this paper is to summarize the literature on community pharmacy-based THN programs, including specific program interventions used to increase naloxone dispensing, naloxone availability and dispensing patterns, facilitators and barriers for the THN programs, and knowledge gaps. Online databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) and a search of the grey literature were used to identify eligible sources. Sources were screened by two reviewers for eligibility in COVIDENCE software. Both reviewers compared screening results and resolved conflicts through discussion. A data extraction form for all identified full texts was completed by both reviewers and results were compiled through reviewer discussion. Fifty-two sources met the eligibility criteria. The top three barriers identified were: cost/coverage of naloxone, stigma, and education/training for pharmacists. THN program interventions included screening tools, checklists, pocket cards, patient brochures, and utilizing the pharmacy management system to flag eligible patients. Patient knowledge gaps included naloxone misinformation and lack of awareness, while pharmacists demonstrated administrative, clinical, and counselling knowledge gaps. Naloxone availability was found to be highly variable, where independent and rural pharmacies were less likely to stock or dispense naloxone. Further, pharmacies located in districts with higher rates of opioid overdose deaths and lower household income were also less likely to have naloxone available. This review identified multiple new programs, showcasing that the implementation and evaluation of THN programs are an expanding area of research. Future research should focus on implementing and evaluating a THN program through a randomized controlled trial design that incorporates solutions for the barriers and knowledge gaps identified in this study.https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/9/1/30naloxoneharm reductioncommunity pharmacy |
| spellingShingle | Ashley Cid George Daskalakis Kelly Grindrod Michael A. Beazely What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review Pharmacy naloxone harm reduction community pharmacy |
| title | What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review |
| title_full | What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review |
| title_fullStr | What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review |
| title_short | What Is Known about Community Pharmacy-Based Take-Home Naloxone Programs and Program Interventions? A Scoping Review |
| title_sort | what is known about community pharmacy based take home naloxone programs and program interventions a scoping review |
| topic | naloxone harm reduction community pharmacy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4787/9/1/30 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ashleycid whatisknownaboutcommunitypharmacybasedtakehomenaloxoneprogramsandprograminterventionsascopingreview AT georgedaskalakis whatisknownaboutcommunitypharmacybasedtakehomenaloxoneprogramsandprograminterventionsascopingreview AT kellygrindrod whatisknownaboutcommunitypharmacybasedtakehomenaloxoneprogramsandprograminterventionsascopingreview AT michaelabeazely whatisknownaboutcommunitypharmacybasedtakehomenaloxoneprogramsandprograminterventionsascopingreview |