The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
Objectives: <i>E. cloacae</i> is an opportunistic organism that causes serious infections, particularly in immuno-compromised and hospitalized patients, along with the emergence of resistance traits. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the epidemiological pattern and resistance traits of...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Healthcare |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/3/312 |
| _version_ | 1797624560425631744 |
|---|---|
| author | Taghreed A. Hafiz Alaa Albloshi Ohoud S. Alhumaidan Murad A. Mubaraki Ahmed S. Alyami Reem Alrashoudi Mona A. Alrabiah Fawzia Alotaibi |
| author_facet | Taghreed A. Hafiz Alaa Albloshi Ohoud S. Alhumaidan Murad A. Mubaraki Ahmed S. Alyami Reem Alrashoudi Mona A. Alrabiah Fawzia Alotaibi |
| author_sort | Taghreed A. Hafiz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives: <i>E. cloacae</i> is an opportunistic organism that causes serious infections, particularly in immuno-compromised and hospitalized patients, along with the emergence of resistance traits. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the epidemiological pattern and resistance traits of <i>E. cloacae</i> infections as well as those of other bacteria. The study aims to assess the epidemiological patterns, resistance characteristics and clinical outcomes of <i>E. cloacae</i> in Saudi Arabia and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh provided the data between January 2019 and December 2021 for the retrospective study of 638 isolates of <i>E. cloacae</i>. The clinical outcome of an <i>E. cloacae</i> infection was also determined by collecting and statistically analyzing the clinical records of 153 ICU patients. Results: The total percentage of resistant <i>E. cloacae</i> isolates decreased from 48.36% in 2019 to 38% in 2020 and 37.6% in 2021. The overall mortality rate among ICU patients was 40.5%, with an adult age group having a substantial relative risk value of 1.37. Conclusion: <i>E. cloacae</i> is a prevalent nosocomial infection in which adult age is a significant risk factor for mortality. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of comparing <i>E. cloacae</i> resistance trends before and throughout the pandemic period in order to better understand the bacteria’s behaviour. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:44:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a22ce17791444566b3ccab989e2ce776 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9032 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:44:08Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Healthcare |
| spelling | doaj.art-a22ce17791444566b3ccab989e2ce7762023-11-16T16:43:32ZengMDPI AGHealthcare2227-90322023-01-0111331210.3390/healthcare11030312The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 PandemicTaghreed A. Hafiz0Alaa Albloshi1Ohoud S. Alhumaidan2Murad A. Mubaraki3Ahmed S. Alyami4Reem Alrashoudi5Mona A. Alrabiah6Fawzia Alotaibi7Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaClinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaClinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaClinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaPathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi ArabiaClinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaMicrobiology and Immunology Department, King Khaled University Hospital, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaPathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi ArabiaObjectives: <i>E. cloacae</i> is an opportunistic organism that causes serious infections, particularly in immuno-compromised and hospitalized patients, along with the emergence of resistance traits. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the epidemiological pattern and resistance traits of <i>E. cloacae</i> infections as well as those of other bacteria. The study aims to assess the epidemiological patterns, resistance characteristics and clinical outcomes of <i>E. cloacae</i> in Saudi Arabia and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh provided the data between January 2019 and December 2021 for the retrospective study of 638 isolates of <i>E. cloacae</i>. The clinical outcome of an <i>E. cloacae</i> infection was also determined by collecting and statistically analyzing the clinical records of 153 ICU patients. Results: The total percentage of resistant <i>E. cloacae</i> isolates decreased from 48.36% in 2019 to 38% in 2020 and 37.6% in 2021. The overall mortality rate among ICU patients was 40.5%, with an adult age group having a substantial relative risk value of 1.37. Conclusion: <i>E. cloacae</i> is a prevalent nosocomial infection in which adult age is a significant risk factor for mortality. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of comparing <i>E. cloacae</i> resistance trends before and throughout the pandemic period in order to better understand the bacteria’s behaviour.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/3/312<i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>respiratoryICUnosocomial infectionMDRPDR |
| spellingShingle | Taghreed A. Hafiz Alaa Albloshi Ohoud S. Alhumaidan Murad A. Mubaraki Ahmed S. Alyami Reem Alrashoudi Mona A. Alrabiah Fawzia Alotaibi The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Healthcare <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> respiratory ICU nosocomial infection MDR PDR |
| title | The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full | The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_fullStr | The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_short | The Epidemiological Pattern, Resistance Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>: Recent Updates and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic |
| title_sort | epidemiological pattern resistance characteristics and clinical outcome of i enterobacter cloacae i recent updates and impact of covid 19 pandemic |
| topic | <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> respiratory ICU nosocomial infection MDR PDR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/3/312 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT taghreedahafiz theepidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT alaaalbloshi theepidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT ohoudsalhumaidan theepidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT muradamubaraki theepidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT ahmedsalyami theepidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT reemalrashoudi theepidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT monaaalrabiah theepidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT fawziaalotaibi theepidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT taghreedahafiz epidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT alaaalbloshi epidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT ohoudsalhumaidan epidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT muradamubaraki epidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT ahmedsalyami epidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT reemalrashoudi epidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT monaaalrabiah epidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic AT fawziaalotaibi epidemiologicalpatternresistancecharacteristicsandclinicaloutcomeofienterobactercloacaeirecentupdatesandimpactofcovid19pandemic |