Determination of Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna Samples Collected from Libyan Local Markets Using HPLC
Henna is frequently used as body adornment in Libya, the Arabic world, and some African and Asian countries. It is part of the traditions and cultures. The addition of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) to the natural henna increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis as well as toxic effects, which...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Omar Al-Mukhtar University
2022-03-01
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| Series: | مجلة المختار للعلوم |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://omu.edu.ly/journals/index.php/mjsc/article/view/520 |
| _version_ | 1797721436985491456 |
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| author | Galal M. Elmanfe Osama E. Khreit Omukalthum A. Abduljalil Najah M. Abbas |
| author_facet | Galal M. Elmanfe Osama E. Khreit Omukalthum A. Abduljalil Najah M. Abbas |
| author_sort | Galal M. Elmanfe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Henna is frequently used as body adornment in Libya, the Arabic world, and some African and Asian countries. It is part of the traditions and cultures. The addition of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) to the natural henna increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis as well as toxic effects, which sometimes lead to severe toxicity and death. Cases have already been reported in Al-Bayda city - Libya. This study aimed to identify the presence and determination of PPD in henna by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In the current study, eleven henna samples were collected from local markets in Al-Bayda - Libya. A rapid, simple, and reliable method is developed and validated for the determination of PPD in henna samples using 50% methanol solution as solvent. The method is validated over a wide linear range of 5 – 25 µg/ml with correlation coefficients being consistently greater than 0.997. The minimum PPD level was observed in a random sample of mixed henna (paste2) (0.0104 % w/w), while the Royal Black Henna sample showed the highest PPD content (11.9107 % w/w). The HPLC measurements indicated that the results of PPD concentrations in the Royal Red henna sample and Shikha henna (natural henna) were PPD free (ND) (Not Detected). The concentrations in Black henna samples were higher than Red henna samples. The PPD content in red henna samples analyzed in this study is below the allowable limits set by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) and the US Food and Drugs Administration. While in Black henna samples it was higher than that recommended limit.
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| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T09:33:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a22d49c86dd24f1c848f0a6d10180084 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2617-2178 2617-2186 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T09:33:19Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Omar Al-Mukhtar University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | مجلة المختار للعلوم |
| spelling | doaj.art-a22d49c86dd24f1c848f0a6d101800842023-09-02T13:52:29ZengOmar Al-Mukhtar Universityمجلة المختار للعلوم2617-21782617-21862022-03-0137110.54172/mjsc.v37i1.520Determination of Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna Samples Collected from Libyan Local Markets Using HPLCGalal M. Elmanfe0Osama E. Khreit 1Omukalthum A. Abduljalil 2 Najah M. Abbas 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, LibyaDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya.Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Lib-ya.Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya Henna is frequently used as body adornment in Libya, the Arabic world, and some African and Asian countries. It is part of the traditions and cultures. The addition of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) to the natural henna increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis as well as toxic effects, which sometimes lead to severe toxicity and death. Cases have already been reported in Al-Bayda city - Libya. This study aimed to identify the presence and determination of PPD in henna by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In the current study, eleven henna samples were collected from local markets in Al-Bayda - Libya. A rapid, simple, and reliable method is developed and validated for the determination of PPD in henna samples using 50% methanol solution as solvent. The method is validated over a wide linear range of 5 – 25 µg/ml with correlation coefficients being consistently greater than 0.997. The minimum PPD level was observed in a random sample of mixed henna (paste2) (0.0104 % w/w), while the Royal Black Henna sample showed the highest PPD content (11.9107 % w/w). The HPLC measurements indicated that the results of PPD concentrations in the Royal Red henna sample and Shikha henna (natural henna) were PPD free (ND) (Not Detected). The concentrations in Black henna samples were higher than Red henna samples. The PPD content in red henna samples analyzed in this study is below the allowable limits set by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP) and the US Food and Drugs Administration. While in Black henna samples it was higher than that recommended limit. https://omu.edu.ly/journals/index.php/mjsc/article/view/520Black HennaPPDMethanolHPLC |
| spellingShingle | Galal M. Elmanfe Osama E. Khreit Omukalthum A. Abduljalil Najah M. Abbas Determination of Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna Samples Collected from Libyan Local Markets Using HPLC مجلة المختار للعلوم Black Henna PPD Methanol HPLC |
| title | Determination of Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna Samples Collected from Libyan Local Markets Using HPLC |
| title_full | Determination of Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna Samples Collected from Libyan Local Markets Using HPLC |
| title_fullStr | Determination of Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna Samples Collected from Libyan Local Markets Using HPLC |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna Samples Collected from Libyan Local Markets Using HPLC |
| title_short | Determination of Para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) in Henna Samples Collected from Libyan Local Markets Using HPLC |
| title_sort | determination of para phenylenediamine ppd in henna samples collected from libyan local markets using hplc |
| topic | Black Henna PPD Methanol HPLC |
| url | https://omu.edu.ly/journals/index.php/mjsc/article/view/520 |
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