Effects of Exercise Frequency with Complex Contrast Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Active Adult Males
Complex contrast training (CCT) is an exercise modality that utilizes both high-load resistance activity and low-load plyometric activity in a set-by-set fashion within a single exercise session. Such a combination of exercises targets multiple aspects of the force–velocity curve and may thus lead t...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Sports |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/1/11 |
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| author | Gopal Kumar Vivek Pandey Rohit K. Thapa Anthony Weldon Urs Granacher Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo |
| author_facet | Gopal Kumar Vivek Pandey Rohit K. Thapa Anthony Weldon Urs Granacher Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo |
| author_sort | Gopal Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Complex contrast training (CCT) is an exercise modality that utilizes both high-load resistance activity and low-load plyometric activity in a set-by-set fashion within a single exercise session. Such a combination of exercises targets multiple aspects of the force–velocity curve and may thus lead to improvement of various components of physical fitness. However, no previous study has attempted to compare the effects of load-equated two vs. three CCT sessions per week on measures of physical fitness. Forty-five male participants aged 21.4 ± 2.0 years were randomly assigned to either two weekly CCT sessions (CCT-2; n = 15), three weekly CCT sessions (CCT-3; n = 15), or an active control group (CG; n = 15). Selected measures of physical fitness were assessed pre- and post-six weeks of training. The tests included the assessment of 15 and 30 m linear sprint speeds, upper (medicine ball throw) and lower limb muscle power (standing long jump and countermovement jump with arm thrust), muscle strength (isokinetic peak knee extensor/flexor torque), and change-of-direction speed (modified agility T-test (MAT)). Significant group–time interactions were observed for all dependent variables (all <i>p</i> < 0.001, ɳ<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.51–0.78) using ANOVA. Post hoc tests indicated significant performance improvements for the CCT-2 and CCT3 groups for all dependent variables (Hedge’s g = 0.28–3.26, %Δ = 2.4–16.7), including the 15 and 30 m linear sprint speeds (<i>p</i> < 0.001), medicine ball throw (<i>p</i> < 0.001), standing long jump (<i>p</i> < 0.001), countermovement jump with arm thrust (<i>p <</i> 0.001), right leg knee extensor (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and flexor peak torque (<i>p</i> < 0.001), left leg knee extensor (<i>p <</i> 0.001) and flexor peak torque (<i>p <</i> 0.001), and change-of-direction speed (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The CCT-3 group showed greater improvements in MAT compared to the CCT-2 group (g = 3.26 vs. 0.70, <i>p</i> < 0.001). In conclusion, compared to active controls, the load-equated CCT-2 and CCT-3 programs provided similar effects on measures of physical fitness in active adult males. However, an athlete’s goal is to improve their MAT score, the CCT-3 program may elicit greater improvements compared with the CCT-2 program. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:15:11Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:15:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a23c00925b94463fbb672a5711c6fbeb2023-12-01T00:34:15ZengMDPI AGSports2075-46632023-01-011111110.3390/sports11010011Effects of Exercise Frequency with Complex Contrast Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Active Adult MalesGopal Kumar0Vivek Pandey1Rohit K. Thapa2Anthony Weldon3Urs Granacher4Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo5Department of Exercise Physiology, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior 474002, IndiaDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior 474002, IndiaSchool of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar 382305, IndiaCentre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UKDepartment of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, GermanyExercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, ChileComplex contrast training (CCT) is an exercise modality that utilizes both high-load resistance activity and low-load plyometric activity in a set-by-set fashion within a single exercise session. Such a combination of exercises targets multiple aspects of the force–velocity curve and may thus lead to improvement of various components of physical fitness. However, no previous study has attempted to compare the effects of load-equated two vs. three CCT sessions per week on measures of physical fitness. Forty-five male participants aged 21.4 ± 2.0 years were randomly assigned to either two weekly CCT sessions (CCT-2; n = 15), three weekly CCT sessions (CCT-3; n = 15), or an active control group (CG; n = 15). Selected measures of physical fitness were assessed pre- and post-six weeks of training. The tests included the assessment of 15 and 30 m linear sprint speeds, upper (medicine ball throw) and lower limb muscle power (standing long jump and countermovement jump with arm thrust), muscle strength (isokinetic peak knee extensor/flexor torque), and change-of-direction speed (modified agility T-test (MAT)). Significant group–time interactions were observed for all dependent variables (all <i>p</i> < 0.001, ɳ<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = 0.51–0.78) using ANOVA. Post hoc tests indicated significant performance improvements for the CCT-2 and CCT3 groups for all dependent variables (Hedge’s g = 0.28–3.26, %Δ = 2.4–16.7), including the 15 and 30 m linear sprint speeds (<i>p</i> < 0.001), medicine ball throw (<i>p</i> < 0.001), standing long jump (<i>p</i> < 0.001), countermovement jump with arm thrust (<i>p <</i> 0.001), right leg knee extensor (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and flexor peak torque (<i>p</i> < 0.001), left leg knee extensor (<i>p <</i> 0.001) and flexor peak torque (<i>p <</i> 0.001), and change-of-direction speed (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The CCT-3 group showed greater improvements in MAT compared to the CCT-2 group (g = 3.26 vs. 0.70, <i>p</i> < 0.001). In conclusion, compared to active controls, the load-equated CCT-2 and CCT-3 programs provided similar effects on measures of physical fitness in active adult males. However, an athlete’s goal is to improve their MAT score, the CCT-3 program may elicit greater improvements compared with the CCT-2 program.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/1/11plyometric exercisehuman physical conditioningresistance trainingmuscle strengthmusculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomenamusculoskeletal physiological phenomena |
| spellingShingle | Gopal Kumar Vivek Pandey Rohit K. Thapa Anthony Weldon Urs Granacher Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo Effects of Exercise Frequency with Complex Contrast Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Active Adult Males Sports plyometric exercise human physical conditioning resistance training muscle strength musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena musculoskeletal physiological phenomena |
| title | Effects of Exercise Frequency with Complex Contrast Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Active Adult Males |
| title_full | Effects of Exercise Frequency with Complex Contrast Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Active Adult Males |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Exercise Frequency with Complex Contrast Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Active Adult Males |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Exercise Frequency with Complex Contrast Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Active Adult Males |
| title_short | Effects of Exercise Frequency with Complex Contrast Training on Measures of Physical Fitness in Active Adult Males |
| title_sort | effects of exercise frequency with complex contrast training on measures of physical fitness in active adult males |
| topic | plyometric exercise human physical conditioning resistance training muscle strength musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena musculoskeletal physiological phenomena |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/1/11 |
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