| Summary: | Multiple studies have confirmed that <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> has beneficial effects in respiratory diseases, including respiratory tract infections, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the role of <i>L. plantarum</i> lysates in respiratory diseases is unclear. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infects the lungs of mice, recruits immune cells, and induces structural changes in alveoli. Lung diseases can be further aggravated by inflammatory cytokines such as CCL2 and interleukin (IL)-6. In in vivo studies, <i>L. plantarum</i> K8 nanoparticles (K8NPs) restored lung function and prevented lung damage caused by <i>S. aureus</i> infection. They inhibited the <i>S. aureus</i> infection and the infiltration of immune cells and prevented the increase in goblet cell numbers in the lungs of <i>S. aureus</i>–infected mice. K8NPs suppressed the expression of CCL2 and IL-6, which were increased by the combination treatment of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma (TI), in a dose-dependent manner. In in vitro studies, the anti-inflammatory effect of K8NPs in TI-treated A549 cells and TI-injected mice occurred through the reduction in activated mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa-B. These findings suggest that the efficacy of K8NPs in controlling respiratory inflammation and infection can be used to develop functional materials that can prevent or alleviate respiratory diseases.
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