HR Max Prediction Based on Age, Body Composition, Fitness Level, Testing Modality and Sex in Physically Active Population
Maximal heart rate (HRmax) is associated mostly with age, but age alone explains the variance in HRmax to a limited degree and may not be adequate to predict HRmax in certain groups. The present study was carried out on 3374 healthy Caucasian, Polish men and women, clients of a sports clinic, mostly...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.695950/full |
| _version_ | 1819090119578091520 |
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| author | Jacek Lach Szczepan Wiecha Daniel Śliż Daniel Śliż Szymon Price Mateusz Zaborski Igor Cieśliński Marek Postuła Beat Knechtle Beat Knechtle Artur Mamcarz |
| author_facet | Jacek Lach Szczepan Wiecha Daniel Śliż Daniel Śliż Szymon Price Mateusz Zaborski Igor Cieśliński Marek Postuła Beat Knechtle Beat Knechtle Artur Mamcarz |
| author_sort | Jacek Lach |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Maximal heart rate (HRmax) is associated mostly with age, but age alone explains the variance in HRmax to a limited degree and may not be adequate to predict HRmax in certain groups. The present study was carried out on 3374 healthy Caucasian, Polish men and women, clients of a sports clinic, mostly sportspeople, with a mean age of 36.57 years, body mass 74.54 kg, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max, ml∗kg–1∗min–1) 50.07. Cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) were carried out on treadmills or cycle ergometers to evaluate HRmax and VO2max. Linear, multiple linear, stepwise, Ridge and LASSO regression modeling were applied to establish the relationship between HRmax, age, fitness level, VO2max, body mass, age, testing modality and body mass index (BMI). Mean HRmax predictions calculated with 5 previously published formulae were evaluated in subgroups created according to all variables. HRmax was univariately explained by a 202.5–0.53∗age formula (R2 = 19.18). The weak relationship may be explained by the similar age with small standard deviation (SD). Multiple linear regression, stepwise and LASSO yielded an R2 of 0.224, while Ridge yielded R2 0.20. Previously published formulae were less precise in the more outlying groups of the studied population, overestimating HRmax in older age groups and underestimating in younger. The 202.5–0.53∗age formula developed in the present study was the best in the studied population, yielding lowest mean errors in most groups, suggesting it could be used in more active individuals. Tanaka’s formula offers the second best overall prediction, while the 220-age formula yields remarkably high mean errors of up to 9 bpm. In conclusion, adding the studied variables in multiple regression models improves the accuracy of prediction only slightly over age alone and is unlikely to be useful in clinical practice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T22:18:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a27ac2718ef2496f9b214c8f799b6041 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T22:18:46Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-a27ac2718ef2496f9b214c8f799b60412022-12-21T18:48:24ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2021-07-011210.3389/fphys.2021.695950695950HR Max Prediction Based on Age, Body Composition, Fitness Level, Testing Modality and Sex in Physically Active PopulationJacek Lach0Szczepan Wiecha1Daniel Śliż2Daniel Śliż3Szymon Price4Mateusz Zaborski5Igor Cieśliński6Marek Postuła7Beat Knechtle8Beat Knechtle9Artur Mamcarz10III Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Kardiologii, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny (WUM), Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Biala Podlaska, PolandIII Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Kardiologii, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny (WUM), Warsaw, PolandPublic Health School Centrum Medyczne Kształcenia Podyplomowego (CMKP), Warsaw, PolandIII Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Kardiologii, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny (WUM), Warsaw, PolandWydział Matematyki i Nauk Informacyjnych, Politechnika Warszawska, Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Biala Podlaska, PolandDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandInstitute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandMedbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, SwitzerlandIII Klinika Chorób Wewnętrznych i Kardiologii, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny (WUM), Warsaw, PolandMaximal heart rate (HRmax) is associated mostly with age, but age alone explains the variance in HRmax to a limited degree and may not be adequate to predict HRmax in certain groups. The present study was carried out on 3374 healthy Caucasian, Polish men and women, clients of a sports clinic, mostly sportspeople, with a mean age of 36.57 years, body mass 74.54 kg, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max, ml∗kg–1∗min–1) 50.07. Cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET) were carried out on treadmills or cycle ergometers to evaluate HRmax and VO2max. Linear, multiple linear, stepwise, Ridge and LASSO regression modeling were applied to establish the relationship between HRmax, age, fitness level, VO2max, body mass, age, testing modality and body mass index (BMI). Mean HRmax predictions calculated with 5 previously published formulae were evaluated in subgroups created according to all variables. HRmax was univariately explained by a 202.5–0.53∗age formula (R2 = 19.18). The weak relationship may be explained by the similar age with small standard deviation (SD). Multiple linear regression, stepwise and LASSO yielded an R2 of 0.224, while Ridge yielded R2 0.20. Previously published formulae were less precise in the more outlying groups of the studied population, overestimating HRmax in older age groups and underestimating in younger. The 202.5–0.53∗age formula developed in the present study was the best in the studied population, yielding lowest mean errors in most groups, suggesting it could be used in more active individuals. Tanaka’s formula offers the second best overall prediction, while the 220-age formula yields remarkably high mean errors of up to 9 bpm. In conclusion, adding the studied variables in multiple regression models improves the accuracy of prediction only slightly over age alone and is unlikely to be useful in clinical practice.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.695950/fullhrmax220-agecardiopulmonary testingformulaebody compositionaerobic performance |
| spellingShingle | Jacek Lach Szczepan Wiecha Daniel Śliż Daniel Śliż Szymon Price Mateusz Zaborski Igor Cieśliński Marek Postuła Beat Knechtle Beat Knechtle Artur Mamcarz HR Max Prediction Based on Age, Body Composition, Fitness Level, Testing Modality and Sex in Physically Active Population Frontiers in Physiology hrmax 220-age cardiopulmonary testing formulae body composition aerobic performance |
| title | HR Max Prediction Based on Age, Body Composition, Fitness Level, Testing Modality and Sex in Physically Active Population |
| title_full | HR Max Prediction Based on Age, Body Composition, Fitness Level, Testing Modality and Sex in Physically Active Population |
| title_fullStr | HR Max Prediction Based on Age, Body Composition, Fitness Level, Testing Modality and Sex in Physically Active Population |
| title_full_unstemmed | HR Max Prediction Based on Age, Body Composition, Fitness Level, Testing Modality and Sex in Physically Active Population |
| title_short | HR Max Prediction Based on Age, Body Composition, Fitness Level, Testing Modality and Sex in Physically Active Population |
| title_sort | hr max prediction based on age body composition fitness level testing modality and sex in physically active population |
| topic | hrmax 220-age cardiopulmonary testing formulae body composition aerobic performance |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.695950/full |
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