Agro-Ecological Impact of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions
The environment is affected by most anthropogenic activities; among them, agriculture is one activity with more negative effects, especially when management is inadequate, causing soil degradation or contamination. This paper presents the results of an agronomic field trial on a spinach (<i>Sp...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/293 |
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| author | María José Delgado-Iniesta Aldara Girona-Ruíz Antonio Sánchez-Navarro |
| author_facet | María José Delgado-Iniesta Aldara Girona-Ruíz Antonio Sánchez-Navarro |
| author_sort | María José Delgado-Iniesta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The environment is affected by most anthropogenic activities; among them, agriculture is one activity with more negative effects, especially when management is inadequate, causing soil degradation or contamination. This paper presents the results of an agronomic field trial on a spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) crop. The objective of which was to monitor soil and crop properties under two doses of irrigation and organic fertilization. The results showed that the use of excessive doses of irrigation and fertilization increased the electrical conductivity (ECext) from 5.5 to 8.5 dS m<sup>−1</sup> and the concentration of ions in the soil solution which, for the most soluble ions (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>), leached towards the deep horizons, reaching 2194.8 mg L<sup>−1</sup> in the case of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. However, their use did not increase spinach production and is thus a waste of resources that increases the risk of soil salinization. Nutrient inputs to the soil were much higher than extractions (between 12% for N and 99% for Fe), partly because of agronomic management and especially because of the return of crop residues, which increased the organic carbon stock by about 2500 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> (4–6%), enhancing its function as a CO<sub>2</sub> sink. These surpluses form part of complex organic structures or are immobilized as carbonates or alkaline phosphates. Preservation of the agrosystem studied requires limiting the use of low-quality irrigation water and adjusting fertilization. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:34:49Z |
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| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:34:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj.art-a287546236f94c619a08edbd20705f012023-11-16T21:35:19ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2023-01-0112229310.3390/land12020293Agro-Ecological Impact of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Grown in Semi-Arid ConditionsMaría José Delgado-Iniesta0Aldara Girona-Ruíz1Antonio Sánchez-Navarro2Soil Science and Technology Research Group, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainSoil Science and Technology Research Group, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainSoil Science and Technology Research Group, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, SpainThe environment is affected by most anthropogenic activities; among them, agriculture is one activity with more negative effects, especially when management is inadequate, causing soil degradation or contamination. This paper presents the results of an agronomic field trial on a spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) crop. The objective of which was to monitor soil and crop properties under two doses of irrigation and organic fertilization. The results showed that the use of excessive doses of irrigation and fertilization increased the electrical conductivity (ECext) from 5.5 to 8.5 dS m<sup>−1</sup> and the concentration of ions in the soil solution which, for the most soluble ions (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>), leached towards the deep horizons, reaching 2194.8 mg L<sup>−1</sup> in the case of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. However, their use did not increase spinach production and is thus a waste of resources that increases the risk of soil salinization. Nutrient inputs to the soil were much higher than extractions (between 12% for N and 99% for Fe), partly because of agronomic management and especially because of the return of crop residues, which increased the organic carbon stock by about 2500 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> (4–6%), enhancing its function as a CO<sub>2</sub> sink. These surpluses form part of complex organic structures or are immobilized as carbonates or alkaline phosphates. Preservation of the agrosystem studied requires limiting the use of low-quality irrigation water and adjusting fertilization.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/293sustainable managementorganic fertilizationCO<sub>2</sub> sinknutrient balance |
| spellingShingle | María José Delgado-Iniesta Aldara Girona-Ruíz Antonio Sánchez-Navarro Agro-Ecological Impact of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions Land sustainable management organic fertilization CO<sub>2</sub> sink nutrient balance |
| title | Agro-Ecological Impact of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions |
| title_full | Agro-Ecological Impact of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Agro-Ecological Impact of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agro-Ecological Impact of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions |
| title_short | Agro-Ecological Impact of Irrigation and Nutrient Management on Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions |
| title_sort | agro ecological impact of irrigation and nutrient management on spinach i spinacia oleracea i l grown in semi arid conditions |
| topic | sustainable management organic fertilization CO<sub>2</sub> sink nutrient balance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/293 |
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