A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Spring Algal Bloom in Lakes Using Freezing and Thawing Processes
Spring algal blooms in mid–high-latitude lakes are facing serious challenges such as earlier outbreaks, longer duration, and increasing frequency under the dual pressure of climate warming and human activities, which threaten the health of freshwater ecosystems and water security. At present, the fr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/2/257 |
| _version_ | 1797342397333504000 |
|---|---|
| author | Ziyue Zhao Xuemei Liu Yanfeng Wu Guangxin Zhang Changlei Dai Guoli Qiao Yinghui Ma |
| author_facet | Ziyue Zhao Xuemei Liu Yanfeng Wu Guangxin Zhang Changlei Dai Guoli Qiao Yinghui Ma |
| author_sort | Ziyue Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spring algal blooms in mid–high-latitude lakes are facing serious challenges such as earlier outbreaks, longer duration, and increasing frequency under the dual pressure of climate warming and human activities, which threaten the health of freshwater ecosystems and water security. At present, the freeze-thaw processes is the key to distinguishing spring algal blooms in mid- to high-latitude lakes from low-latitude lakes. Based on the visualization and an analysis of the literature in the WOS database during 2007–2023, we clarified the driving mechanism of the freeze-thaw process (freeze-thaw, freeze-up, and thawing) on spring algal bloom in lakes by describing the evolution of the freeze-thaw processes on the nutrient migration and transformation, water temperature, lake transparency and dissolved oxygen, and physiological characteristics of algae between shallow lakes and deep lakes. We found that the complex phosphorus transformation process during the frozen period can better explain the spring-algal-bloom phenomenon compared to nitrogen. The dominant species of lake algae also undergo transformation during the freeze-thaw process. On this basis, the response mechanism of spring algal blooms in lakes to future climate change has been sorted out. The general framework of “principles analysis, model construction, simulation and prediction, assessment and management” and the prevention strategy for dealing with spring algal bloom in lakes have been proposed, for which we would like to provide scientific support and reference for the comprehensive prevention and control of spring algal bloom in lakes under the freezing and thawing processes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:32:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a2906a34ebb54fb69bd9ccdaaf10567d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:32:42Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-a2906a34ebb54fb69bd9ccdaaf10567d2024-01-26T18:51:08ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412024-01-0116225710.3390/w16020257A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Spring Algal Bloom in Lakes Using Freezing and Thawing ProcessesZiyue Zhao0Xuemei Liu1Yanfeng Wu2Guangxin Zhang3Changlei Dai4Guoli Qiao5Yinghui Ma6Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, ChinaNortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, ChinaNortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, ChinaNortheast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, ChinaInstitute of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, ChinaBaicheng Forestry Research Institute, Baicheng 137000, ChinaBaicheng Forestry Research Institute, Baicheng 137000, ChinaSpring algal blooms in mid–high-latitude lakes are facing serious challenges such as earlier outbreaks, longer duration, and increasing frequency under the dual pressure of climate warming and human activities, which threaten the health of freshwater ecosystems and water security. At present, the freeze-thaw processes is the key to distinguishing spring algal blooms in mid- to high-latitude lakes from low-latitude lakes. Based on the visualization and an analysis of the literature in the WOS database during 2007–2023, we clarified the driving mechanism of the freeze-thaw process (freeze-thaw, freeze-up, and thawing) on spring algal bloom in lakes by describing the evolution of the freeze-thaw processes on the nutrient migration and transformation, water temperature, lake transparency and dissolved oxygen, and physiological characteristics of algae between shallow lakes and deep lakes. We found that the complex phosphorus transformation process during the frozen period can better explain the spring-algal-bloom phenomenon compared to nitrogen. The dominant species of lake algae also undergo transformation during the freeze-thaw process. On this basis, the response mechanism of spring algal blooms in lakes to future climate change has been sorted out. The general framework of “principles analysis, model construction, simulation and prediction, assessment and management” and the prevention strategy for dealing with spring algal bloom in lakes have been proposed, for which we would like to provide scientific support and reference for the comprehensive prevention and control of spring algal bloom in lakes under the freezing and thawing processes.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/2/257freezing and thawing processesspring algal bloomclimate changedriving mechanismprevention and control strategies |
| spellingShingle | Ziyue Zhao Xuemei Liu Yanfeng Wu Guangxin Zhang Changlei Dai Guoli Qiao Yinghui Ma A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Spring Algal Bloom in Lakes Using Freezing and Thawing Processes Water freezing and thawing processes spring algal bloom climate change driving mechanism prevention and control strategies |
| title | A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Spring Algal Bloom in Lakes Using Freezing and Thawing Processes |
| title_full | A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Spring Algal Bloom in Lakes Using Freezing and Thawing Processes |
| title_fullStr | A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Spring Algal Bloom in Lakes Using Freezing and Thawing Processes |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Spring Algal Bloom in Lakes Using Freezing and Thawing Processes |
| title_short | A Review on the Driving Mechanism of the Spring Algal Bloom in Lakes Using Freezing and Thawing Processes |
| title_sort | review on the driving mechanism of the spring algal bloom in lakes using freezing and thawing processes |
| topic | freezing and thawing processes spring algal bloom climate change driving mechanism prevention and control strategies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/2/257 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ziyuezhao areviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT xuemeiliu areviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT yanfengwu areviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT guangxinzhang areviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT changleidai areviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT guoliqiao areviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT yinghuima areviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT ziyuezhao reviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT xuemeiliu reviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT yanfengwu reviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT guangxinzhang reviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT changleidai reviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT guoliqiao reviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses AT yinghuima reviewonthedrivingmechanismofthespringalgalbloominlakesusingfreezingandthawingprocesses |