Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Drug Development: Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors that recently have been shown to play important roles in the metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids. Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained by de novo synthesis, absorption from diet, catabolism to bile acids and other steroids, and excre...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2005-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Pharmacological Sciences |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1347861319322662 |
| _version_ | 1828234238802001920 |
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| author | Makoto Makishima |
| author_facet | Makoto Makishima |
| author_sort | Makoto Makishima |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors that recently have been shown to play important roles in the metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids. Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained by de novo synthesis, absorption from diet, catabolism to bile acids and other steroids, and excretion into bile. Dysregulation of this mechanism leads to atherosclerosis and its life-threatening coronary and cerebrovascular sequelae. Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver is positively regulated by liver X receptor (LXR) α, a nuclear receptor for oxysterols. LXRα and LXRβ, a second oxysterol receptor, regulate intestinal absorption and biliary excretion of cholesterol by inducing target gene expression. LXRs stimulate reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues and exhibit antiatherogenic activity. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid receptor, represses bile acid synthesis and import in hepatocytes, stimulates bile acid export from cells, and protects hepatocytes from bile acid toxicity. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) respond to secondary bile acids and induce their catabolism. Thus, nuclear receptors play important roles in regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Keywords:: nuclear receptor, liver X receptor (LXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), cholesterol, bile acid |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:52:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a297df990bc349479464ddcc8c0f37e5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1347-8613 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:52:14Z |
| publishDate | 2005-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Pharmacological Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a297df990bc349479464ddcc8c0f37e52022-12-22T03:18:48ZengElsevierJournal of Pharmacological Sciences1347-86132005-01-01972177183Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Drug Development: Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear ReceptorsMakoto Makishima0Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; Corresponding author. FAX: +81-3-3972-8199 E-mail: maxima@med.nihon-u.ac.jpNuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors that recently have been shown to play important roles in the metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids. Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained by de novo synthesis, absorption from diet, catabolism to bile acids and other steroids, and excretion into bile. Dysregulation of this mechanism leads to atherosclerosis and its life-threatening coronary and cerebrovascular sequelae. Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver is positively regulated by liver X receptor (LXR) α, a nuclear receptor for oxysterols. LXRα and LXRβ, a second oxysterol receptor, regulate intestinal absorption and biliary excretion of cholesterol by inducing target gene expression. LXRs stimulate reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues and exhibit antiatherogenic activity. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid receptor, represses bile acid synthesis and import in hepatocytes, stimulates bile acid export from cells, and protects hepatocytes from bile acid toxicity. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) respond to secondary bile acids and induce their catabolism. Thus, nuclear receptors play important roles in regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Keywords:: nuclear receptor, liver X receptor (LXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), cholesterol, bile acidhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1347861319322662 |
| spellingShingle | Makoto Makishima Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Drug Development: Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear Receptors Journal of Pharmacological Sciences |
| title | Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Drug Development: Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear Receptors |
| title_full | Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Drug Development: Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear Receptors |
| title_fullStr | Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Drug Development: Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear Receptors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Drug Development: Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear Receptors |
| title_short | Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Drug Development: Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear Receptors |
| title_sort | nuclear receptors as targets for drug development regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism by nuclear receptors |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1347861319322662 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT makotomakishima nuclearreceptorsastargetsfordrugdevelopmentregulationofcholesterolandbileacidmetabolismbynuclearreceptors |