Investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs
Ectopic tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) have been identified in many organs, such as the lungs, nasal cavities, and kidneys of both mice and humans. Although lymphocyte aggregates have been observed in the mammary glands of ruminants, the details remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the ma...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.941333/full |
| _version_ | 1828439207101595648 |
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| author | Yusaku Tsugami Sayaka Nakayama Naoki Suzuki Takahiro Nii Naoki Isobe |
| author_facet | Yusaku Tsugami Sayaka Nakayama Naoki Suzuki Takahiro Nii Naoki Isobe |
| author_sort | Yusaku Tsugami |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ectopic tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) have been identified in many organs, such as the lungs, nasal cavities, and kidneys of both mice and humans. Although lymphocyte aggregates have been observed in the mammary glands of ruminants, the details remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of TLOs. The localization of CD20 (B cells), CD3 (T cells), MECA79 (high endothelial venules), CD40 (follicular dendritic cells), BCL6 (germinal center), and IgA was examined by immunohistochemistry. The concentrations of IgG, IgA, lactoferrin, β-defensin-1, cathelicidin-2, cathelicidin-7, S100A7, and S100A8 in milk were measured by ELISA. The localization and amount of tight junction (TJ) proteins (claudin-3 and claudin-4) were examined using immunofluorescence and western blotting. We found that 19 out of 30 udders contained lymphocyte aggregates, which showed positive reactions against CD20, CD3, CD40, and MECA79. In addition, large-sized aggregations showed separate localization of B cells and T cells and a positive reaction against BCL6, although BCL6 was sparsely localized in the aggregations. These results indicate that mammary glands of lactating goats contain TLOs. The IgG and IgA concentrations in the milk of TLO-positive goats and the number of IgA-positive cells were higher than those in negative goats. Furthermore, claudin-4 was localized in the TJ region and the amount was higher in TLO-positive mammary glands than that in the negative group, indicating the presence of leakages at TJs. In conclusion, a majority of lactating goat udders have TLOs, which contribute to local immunity by producing immunoglobulins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T20:19:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a2983b1c4b2c427db9836e3d4db9ff4d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T20:19:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-a2983b1c4b2c427db9836e3d4db9ff4d2022-12-22T01:35:06ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242022-08-011310.3389/fimmu.2022.941333941333Investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organsYusaku TsugamiSayaka NakayamaNaoki SuzukiTakahiro NiiNaoki IsobeEctopic tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) have been identified in many organs, such as the lungs, nasal cavities, and kidneys of both mice and humans. Although lymphocyte aggregates have been observed in the mammary glands of ruminants, the details remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of TLOs. The localization of CD20 (B cells), CD3 (T cells), MECA79 (high endothelial venules), CD40 (follicular dendritic cells), BCL6 (germinal center), and IgA was examined by immunohistochemistry. The concentrations of IgG, IgA, lactoferrin, β-defensin-1, cathelicidin-2, cathelicidin-7, S100A7, and S100A8 in milk were measured by ELISA. The localization and amount of tight junction (TJ) proteins (claudin-3 and claudin-4) were examined using immunofluorescence and western blotting. We found that 19 out of 30 udders contained lymphocyte aggregates, which showed positive reactions against CD20, CD3, CD40, and MECA79. In addition, large-sized aggregations showed separate localization of B cells and T cells and a positive reaction against BCL6, although BCL6 was sparsely localized in the aggregations. These results indicate that mammary glands of lactating goats contain TLOs. The IgG and IgA concentrations in the milk of TLO-positive goats and the number of IgA-positive cells were higher than those in negative goats. Furthermore, claudin-4 was localized in the TJ region and the amount was higher in TLO-positive mammary glands than that in the negative group, indicating the presence of leakages at TJs. In conclusion, a majority of lactating goat udders have TLOs, which contribute to local immunity by producing immunoglobulins.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.941333/fullimmunoglobulinmammary glandsmastitistertiary lymphoid organstight junctions |
| spellingShingle | Yusaku Tsugami Sayaka Nakayama Naoki Suzuki Takahiro Nii Naoki Isobe Investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs Frontiers in Immunology immunoglobulin mammary glands mastitis tertiary lymphoid organs tight junctions |
| title | Investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs |
| title_full | Investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs |
| title_fullStr | Investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs |
| title_short | Investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs |
| title_sort | investigating mammary glands of lactating goats for the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs |
| topic | immunoglobulin mammary glands mastitis tertiary lymphoid organs tight junctions |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.941333/full |
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