Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Safety Screening of Fractionated Organosolv Lignin on Diverse Primary Human Cell Types Commonly Used in Tissue Engineering
There is limited data assessing the cytotoxic effects of organosolv lignin with cells commonly used in tissue engineering. Structural and physico-chemical characterization of fractionated organosolv lignin showed that a decrease of the molecular weight (MW) is accompanied by a less branched conforma...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/5/696 |
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| author | Jules A. Menima-Medzogo Kathrin Walz Jasmin C. Lauer Gopakumar Sivasankarapillai F. Robert Gleuwitz Bernd Rolauffs Marie-Pierre Laborie Melanie L. Hart |
| author_facet | Jules A. Menima-Medzogo Kathrin Walz Jasmin C. Lauer Gopakumar Sivasankarapillai F. Robert Gleuwitz Bernd Rolauffs Marie-Pierre Laborie Melanie L. Hart |
| author_sort | Jules A. Menima-Medzogo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is limited data assessing the cytotoxic effects of organosolv lignin with cells commonly used in tissue engineering. Structural and physico-chemical characterization of fractionated organosolv lignin showed that a decrease of the molecular weight (MW) is accompanied by a less branched conformation of the phenolic biopolymer (higher S/G ratio) and an increased number of aliphatic hydroxyl functionalities. Enabling stronger polymer−solvent interactions, as proven by the Hansen solubility parameter analysis, low MW organosolv lignin (2543 g/mol) is considered to be compatible with common biomaterials. Using low MW lignin, high cell viability (70–100%) was achieved after 2 h, 24 h and 7 days using the following lignin concentrations: MSCs and osteoblasts (0.02 mg/mL), gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes (0.02 to 0.04 mg/mL), periodontal ligament fibroblasts and chondrocytes (0.02 to 0.08 mg/mL). Cell viability was reduced at higher concentrations, indicating that high concentrations are cytotoxic. Higher cell viability was attained using 30/70 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) NaOH vs. 40/60 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) EtOH as the initial lignin solvent. Hydrogels containing low MW lignin (0.02 to 0.3 mg/mL) in agarose dose-dependently increased chondrocyte attachment (cell viability 84–100%) and hydrogel viscosity and stiffness to 3–11 kPa, similar to the pericellular matrix of chondrocytes. This suggests that low MW organosolv lignin may be used in many tissue engineering fields. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:19:40Z |
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| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:19:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-a29a9c676ee542b0ba380c897d5b61652023-11-23T10:07:09ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-04-0111569610.3390/biology11050696Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Safety Screening of Fractionated Organosolv Lignin on Diverse Primary Human Cell Types Commonly Used in Tissue EngineeringJules A. Menima-Medzogo0Kathrin Walz1Jasmin C. Lauer2Gopakumar Sivasankarapillai3F. Robert Gleuwitz4Bernd Rolauffs5Marie-Pierre Laborie6Melanie L. Hart7G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyG.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyG.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyInstitute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, GermanyInstitute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, GermanyG.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyInstitute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, GermanyG.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Engesserstraße 4, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyThere is limited data assessing the cytotoxic effects of organosolv lignin with cells commonly used in tissue engineering. Structural and physico-chemical characterization of fractionated organosolv lignin showed that a decrease of the molecular weight (MW) is accompanied by a less branched conformation of the phenolic biopolymer (higher S/G ratio) and an increased number of aliphatic hydroxyl functionalities. Enabling stronger polymer−solvent interactions, as proven by the Hansen solubility parameter analysis, low MW organosolv lignin (2543 g/mol) is considered to be compatible with common biomaterials. Using low MW lignin, high cell viability (70–100%) was achieved after 2 h, 24 h and 7 days using the following lignin concentrations: MSCs and osteoblasts (0.02 mg/mL), gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes (0.02 to 0.04 mg/mL), periodontal ligament fibroblasts and chondrocytes (0.02 to 0.08 mg/mL). Cell viability was reduced at higher concentrations, indicating that high concentrations are cytotoxic. Higher cell viability was attained using 30/70 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) NaOH vs. 40/60 (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) EtOH as the initial lignin solvent. Hydrogels containing low MW lignin (0.02 to 0.3 mg/mL) in agarose dose-dependently increased chondrocyte attachment (cell viability 84–100%) and hydrogel viscosity and stiffness to 3–11 kPa, similar to the pericellular matrix of chondrocytes. This suggests that low MW organosolv lignin may be used in many tissue engineering fields.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/5/696organosolv lignintissue engineeringmesenchymal stromal cellschondrocytesosteoblastsfibroblasts |
| spellingShingle | Jules A. Menima-Medzogo Kathrin Walz Jasmin C. Lauer Gopakumar Sivasankarapillai F. Robert Gleuwitz Bernd Rolauffs Marie-Pierre Laborie Melanie L. Hart Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Safety Screening of Fractionated Organosolv Lignin on Diverse Primary Human Cell Types Commonly Used in Tissue Engineering Biology organosolv lignin tissue engineering mesenchymal stromal cells chondrocytes osteoblasts fibroblasts |
| title | Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Safety Screening of Fractionated Organosolv Lignin on Diverse Primary Human Cell Types Commonly Used in Tissue Engineering |
| title_full | Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Safety Screening of Fractionated Organosolv Lignin on Diverse Primary Human Cell Types Commonly Used in Tissue Engineering |
| title_fullStr | Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Safety Screening of Fractionated Organosolv Lignin on Diverse Primary Human Cell Types Commonly Used in Tissue Engineering |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Safety Screening of Fractionated Organosolv Lignin on Diverse Primary Human Cell Types Commonly Used in Tissue Engineering |
| title_short | Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Safety Screening of Fractionated Organosolv Lignin on Diverse Primary Human Cell Types Commonly Used in Tissue Engineering |
| title_sort | characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity safety screening of fractionated organosolv lignin on diverse primary human cell types commonly used in tissue engineering |
| topic | organosolv lignin tissue engineering mesenchymal stromal cells chondrocytes osteoblasts fibroblasts |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/5/696 |
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