Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar Medium
We present 1.3 mm (230 GHz) observations of the recent and nearby Type II supernova, SN 2023ixf, obtained with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 2.6–18.6 days after explosion. The observations were obtained as part the SMA Large Program, POETS (Pursuit of Extragalactic Transients with the SMA). We do...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace0c4 |
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| author | Edo Berger Garrett K. Keating Raffaella Margutti Keiichi Maeda Kate D. Alexander Yvette Cendes Tarraneh Eftekhari Mark Gurwell Daichi Hiramatsu Anna Y. Q. Ho Tanmoy Laskar Ramprasad Rao Peter K. G. Williams |
| author_facet | Edo Berger Garrett K. Keating Raffaella Margutti Keiichi Maeda Kate D. Alexander Yvette Cendes Tarraneh Eftekhari Mark Gurwell Daichi Hiramatsu Anna Y. Q. Ho Tanmoy Laskar Ramprasad Rao Peter K. G. Williams |
| author_sort | Edo Berger |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present 1.3 mm (230 GHz) observations of the recent and nearby Type II supernova, SN 2023ixf, obtained with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 2.6–18.6 days after explosion. The observations were obtained as part the SMA Large Program, POETS (Pursuit of Extragalactic Transients with the SMA). We do not detect any emission at the location of SN 2023ixf, with the deepest limits of L _ν (230 GHz) ≲ 8.6 × 10 ^25 erg s ^−1 Hz ^−1 at 2.7 and 7.7 days, and L _ν (230 GHz) ≲ 3.4 × 10 ^25 erg s ^−1 Hz ^−1 at 18.6 days. These limits are about a factor of 2 times dimmer than the millimeter emission from SN 2011dh (IIb), about 1 order of magnitude dimmer compared to SN 1993J (IIb) and SN 2018ivc (IIL), and about 30 times dimmer than the most luminous nonrelativistic SNe in the millimeter band (Type IIb/Ib/Ic). Using these limits in the context of analytical models that include synchrotron self-absorption and free–free absorption, we place constraints on the proximate circumstellar medium around the progenitor star, to a scale of ∼2 × 10 ^15 cm, excluding the range $\dot{M}\sim \mathrm{few}\times {10}^{-6}-{10}^{-2}$ M _⊙ yr ^−1 (for a wind velocity, v _w = 115 km s ^−1 , and ejecta velocity, v _ej ∼ (1 − 2) × 10 ^4 km s ^−1 ). These results are consistent with an inference of the mass-loss rate based on optical spectroscopy (∼2 × 10 ^−2 M _⊙ yr ^−1 for v _w = 115 km s ^−1 ), but are in tension with the inference from hard X-rays (∼7 × 10 ^−4 M _⊙ yr ^−1 for v _w = 115 km s ^−1 ). This tension may be alleviated by a nonhomogeneous and confined CSM, consistent with results from high-resolution optical spectroscopy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T02:55:21Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T02:55:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj.art-a29d752f3c61408eba53368280b903ad2023-09-03T15:18:45ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052023-01-019512L3110.3847/2041-8213/ace0c4Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar MediumEdo Berger0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-9681Garrett K. Keating1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-146XRaffaella Margutti2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-7586Keiichi Maeda3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-7269Kate D. Alexander4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8297-2473Yvette Cendes5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7007-6295Tarraneh Eftekhari6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-9984Mark Gurwell7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-3621Daichi Hiramatsu8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-9187Anna Y. Q. Ho9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9017-3567Tanmoy Laskar10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-2338Ramprasad Rao11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-7944Peter K. G. Williams12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-3587Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA ; eberger@cfa.harvard.eduCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA ; eberger@cfa.harvard.eduDepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Astronomy, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, JapanDepartment of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Rm. N204, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA ; eberger@cfa.harvard.eduCenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA ; eberger@cfa.harvard.eduCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA ; eberger@cfa.harvard.eduDepartment of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA ; eberger@cfa.harvard.eduCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA ; eberger@cfa.harvard.eduWe present 1.3 mm (230 GHz) observations of the recent and nearby Type II supernova, SN 2023ixf, obtained with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 2.6–18.6 days after explosion. The observations were obtained as part the SMA Large Program, POETS (Pursuit of Extragalactic Transients with the SMA). We do not detect any emission at the location of SN 2023ixf, with the deepest limits of L _ν (230 GHz) ≲ 8.6 × 10 ^25 erg s ^−1 Hz ^−1 at 2.7 and 7.7 days, and L _ν (230 GHz) ≲ 3.4 × 10 ^25 erg s ^−1 Hz ^−1 at 18.6 days. These limits are about a factor of 2 times dimmer than the millimeter emission from SN 2011dh (IIb), about 1 order of magnitude dimmer compared to SN 1993J (IIb) and SN 2018ivc (IIL), and about 30 times dimmer than the most luminous nonrelativistic SNe in the millimeter band (Type IIb/Ib/Ic). Using these limits in the context of analytical models that include synchrotron self-absorption and free–free absorption, we place constraints on the proximate circumstellar medium around the progenitor star, to a scale of ∼2 × 10 ^15 cm, excluding the range $\dot{M}\sim \mathrm{few}\times {10}^{-6}-{10}^{-2}$ M _⊙ yr ^−1 (for a wind velocity, v _w = 115 km s ^−1 , and ejecta velocity, v _ej ∼ (1 − 2) × 10 ^4 km s ^−1 ). These results are consistent with an inference of the mass-loss rate based on optical spectroscopy (∼2 × 10 ^−2 M _⊙ yr ^−1 for v _w = 115 km s ^−1 ), but are in tension with the inference from hard X-rays (∼7 × 10 ^−4 M _⊙ yr ^−1 for v _w = 115 km s ^−1 ). This tension may be alleviated by a nonhomogeneous and confined CSM, consistent with results from high-resolution optical spectroscopy.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace0c4SupernovaeType II supernovaeCore-collapse supernovaeMassive starsStellar mass lossCircumstellar matter |
| spellingShingle | Edo Berger Garrett K. Keating Raffaella Margutti Keiichi Maeda Kate D. Alexander Yvette Cendes Tarraneh Eftekhari Mark Gurwell Daichi Hiramatsu Anna Y. Q. Ho Tanmoy Laskar Ramprasad Rao Peter K. G. Williams Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar Medium The Astrophysical Journal Letters Supernovae Type II supernovae Core-collapse supernovae Massive stars Stellar mass loss Circumstellar matter |
| title | Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar Medium |
| title_full | Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar Medium |
| title_fullStr | Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar Medium |
| title_full_unstemmed | Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar Medium |
| title_short | Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar Medium |
| title_sort | millimeter observations of the type ii sn 2023ixf constraints on the proximate circumstellar medium |
| topic | Supernovae Type II supernovae Core-collapse supernovae Massive stars Stellar mass loss Circumstellar matter |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ace0c4 |
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