Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]
Background: Eating or skipping breakfast for weight interests scientific and lay communities. Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze causal effects of eating versus skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes in humans. Methods: Six databases were searched for...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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F1000 Research Ltd
2021-07-01
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| Series: | F1000Research |
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| Online Access: | https://f1000research.com/articles/9-140/v3 |
| _version_ | 1828365511333773312 |
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| author | Michelle M. Bohan Brown David B. Allison Jillian E. Milanes Andrew W. Brown |
| author_facet | Michelle M. Bohan Brown David B. Allison Jillian E. Milanes Andrew W. Brown |
| author_sort | Michelle M. Bohan Brown |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Eating or skipping breakfast for weight interests scientific and lay communities. Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze causal effects of eating versus skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes in humans. Methods: Six databases were searched for obesity- and breakfast-related terms (final search: 02 JAN 2020). Studies needed to isolate eating versus skipping breakfast in randomized controlled trials. Mean differences were synthesized using inverse variance random effects meta-analysis for each outcome. Positive estimates indicate higher outcomes in breakfast conditions (e.g., weight gain). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, secondary baseline habit-by-breakfast assignment analysis, and study duration cumulative analysis were performed. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Ten articles (12 comparisons; 6d-12wk) were included. Conditions included recommendations to eat versus skip breakfast, or provision of some or all meals. 95% confidence intervals of all main analyses included the null value of no difference for each outcome: body weight (0.17 kg [-0.40,0.73], k=12, n=487, I 2=74.5), BMI (0.07 kg/m 2 [-0.10,0.23, k=8, n=396, I 2=54.1), body fat percentage (-0.27% [-1.01,0.47], k=6, n=179, I 2=52.4), fat mass (0.24 kg [-0.21,0.69], k=6, n=205, I 2=0.0), lean mass (0.18 kg [-0.08,0.44], k=6, n=205, I 2=6.7), waist circumference (0.18 cm [-1.77,2.13], k=4, n=102, I 2=78.7), waist:hip ratio (0.00 [-0.01,0.01], k=4, n=102, I 2=8.0), sagittal abdominal diameter (0.19 cm [-2.35,2.73], k=2, n=56, I 2=0.0), and fat mass index (0.00 kg/m 2 [-0.22,0.23], k=2, n=56, I 2=0.0). Subgroup analysis showed only one statistically significant result. The interaction effect for BMI (–0.36[-0.65,-0.07]) indicates assignment to conditions consistent with baseline habits had lower BMI. Leave-one-out analysis did not indicate substantial influence of any one study. Conclusions: There was no discernible effect of eating or skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric measures when pooling studies with substantial design heterogeneity and sometimes statistical heterogeneity. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42016033290. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T05:32:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a2d0f9850bad44f3b3303cf57d61db1b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2046-1402 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T05:32:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | F1000 Research Ltd |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a2d0f9850bad44f3b3303cf57d61db1b2022-12-22T02:09:46ZengF1000 Research LtdF1000Research2046-14022021-07-01957931Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]Michelle M. Bohan Brown0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7959-9225David B. Allison1Jillian E. Milanes2Andrew W. Brown3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1758-8205Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health - Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USADepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health - Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USADepartment of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USADepartment of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health - Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USABackground: Eating or skipping breakfast for weight interests scientific and lay communities. Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze causal effects of eating versus skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes in humans. Methods: Six databases were searched for obesity- and breakfast-related terms (final search: 02 JAN 2020). Studies needed to isolate eating versus skipping breakfast in randomized controlled trials. Mean differences were synthesized using inverse variance random effects meta-analysis for each outcome. Positive estimates indicate higher outcomes in breakfast conditions (e.g., weight gain). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, secondary baseline habit-by-breakfast assignment analysis, and study duration cumulative analysis were performed. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Ten articles (12 comparisons; 6d-12wk) were included. Conditions included recommendations to eat versus skip breakfast, or provision of some or all meals. 95% confidence intervals of all main analyses included the null value of no difference for each outcome: body weight (0.17 kg [-0.40,0.73], k=12, n=487, I 2=74.5), BMI (0.07 kg/m 2 [-0.10,0.23, k=8, n=396, I 2=54.1), body fat percentage (-0.27% [-1.01,0.47], k=6, n=179, I 2=52.4), fat mass (0.24 kg [-0.21,0.69], k=6, n=205, I 2=0.0), lean mass (0.18 kg [-0.08,0.44], k=6, n=205, I 2=6.7), waist circumference (0.18 cm [-1.77,2.13], k=4, n=102, I 2=78.7), waist:hip ratio (0.00 [-0.01,0.01], k=4, n=102, I 2=8.0), sagittal abdominal diameter (0.19 cm [-2.35,2.73], k=2, n=56, I 2=0.0), and fat mass index (0.00 kg/m 2 [-0.22,0.23], k=2, n=56, I 2=0.0). Subgroup analysis showed only one statistically significant result. The interaction effect for BMI (–0.36[-0.65,-0.07]) indicates assignment to conditions consistent with baseline habits had lower BMI. Leave-one-out analysis did not indicate substantial influence of any one study. Conclusions: There was no discernible effect of eating or skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric measures when pooling studies with substantial design heterogeneity and sometimes statistical heterogeneity. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42016033290.https://f1000research.com/articles/9-140/v3Breakfast skipping obesity weight meta-analysis systematic revieweng |
| spellingShingle | Michelle M. Bohan Brown David B. Allison Jillian E. Milanes Andrew W. Brown Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] F1000Research Breakfast skipping obesity weight meta-analysis systematic review eng |
| title | Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_full | Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_fullStr | Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_short | Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] |
| title_sort | eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity related anthropometric outcomes a systematic review and meta analysis version 3 peer review 2 approved 1 approved with reservations |
| topic | Breakfast skipping obesity weight meta-analysis systematic review eng |
| url | https://f1000research.com/articles/9-140/v3 |
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