The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes
Astrocytes may not only be involved in the clearance of Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but appear to produce N-terminally truncated Aβ (Aβn−x) independently of BACE1, which generates the N-Terminus of Aβ starting with Asp1 (Aβ1−x). A candidate protease for the generatio...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-01-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2020.615740/full |
| _version_ | 1818866046088511488 |
|---|---|
| author | Timo Jan Oberstein Janine Utz Philipp Spitzer Hans Wolfgang Klafki Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Piotr Lewczuk Piotr Lewczuk Johannes Kornhuber Juan Manuel Maler |
| author_facet | Timo Jan Oberstein Janine Utz Philipp Spitzer Hans Wolfgang Klafki Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Piotr Lewczuk Piotr Lewczuk Johannes Kornhuber Juan Manuel Maler |
| author_sort | Timo Jan Oberstein |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Astrocytes may not only be involved in the clearance of Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but appear to produce N-terminally truncated Aβ (Aβn−x) independently of BACE1, which generates the N-Terminus of Aβ starting with Asp1 (Aβ1−x). A candidate protease for the generation of Aβn−x is cathepsin B (CatB), especially since CatB has also been reported to degrade Aβ, which could explain the opposite roles of astrocytes in AD. In this study, we investigated the influence of CatB inhibitors and the deletion of the gene encoding CatB (CTSB) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology on Aβ2−x and Aβ1−x levels in cell culture supernatants by one- and two-dimensional Urea-SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblot. While the cell-permeant inhibitors E64d and CA-074 Me did not significantly affect the Aβ1−x levels in supernatants of cultured chicken and human astrocytes, they did reduce the Aβ2−x levels. In the glioma-derived cell line H4, the Aβ2−x levels were likewise decreased in supernatants by treatment with the more specific, but cell-impermeant CatB-inhibitor CA-074, by CA-074 Me treatment, and by CTSB gene deletion. Additionally, a more than 2-fold increase in secreted Aβ1−x was observed under the latter two conditions. The CA-074 Me-mediated increase of Aβ1−x, but not the decrease of Aβ2−x, was influenced by concomitant treatment with the vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. This indicated that non-lysosomal CatB mediated the production of Aβ2−x in astrocytes, while the degradation of Aβ1−x seemed to be dependent on lysosomal CatB in H4 cells, but not in primary astrocytes. These findings highlight the importance of considering organelle targeting in drug development to promote Aβ degradation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T10:57:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a2e902a0eca44304b3e443ee4eb7ea2e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5099 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T10:57:13Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-a2e902a0eca44304b3e443ee4eb7ea2e2022-12-21T20:24:45ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience1662-50992021-01-011310.3389/fnmol.2020.615740615740The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured AstrocytesTimo Jan Oberstein0Janine Utz1Philipp Spitzer2Hans Wolfgang Klafki3Jens Wiltfang4Jens Wiltfang5Jens Wiltfang6Piotr Lewczuk7Piotr Lewczuk8Johannes Kornhuber9Juan Manuel Maler10Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, GermanyGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, GermanyNeurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, PortugalDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics and Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital of Bialystok, Bialystok, PolandDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyAstrocytes may not only be involved in the clearance of Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but appear to produce N-terminally truncated Aβ (Aβn−x) independently of BACE1, which generates the N-Terminus of Aβ starting with Asp1 (Aβ1−x). A candidate protease for the generation of Aβn−x is cathepsin B (CatB), especially since CatB has also been reported to degrade Aβ, which could explain the opposite roles of astrocytes in AD. In this study, we investigated the influence of CatB inhibitors and the deletion of the gene encoding CatB (CTSB) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology on Aβ2−x and Aβ1−x levels in cell culture supernatants by one- and two-dimensional Urea-SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblot. While the cell-permeant inhibitors E64d and CA-074 Me did not significantly affect the Aβ1−x levels in supernatants of cultured chicken and human astrocytes, they did reduce the Aβ2−x levels. In the glioma-derived cell line H4, the Aβ2−x levels were likewise decreased in supernatants by treatment with the more specific, but cell-impermeant CatB-inhibitor CA-074, by CA-074 Me treatment, and by CTSB gene deletion. Additionally, a more than 2-fold increase in secreted Aβ1−x was observed under the latter two conditions. The CA-074 Me-mediated increase of Aβ1−x, but not the decrease of Aβ2−x, was influenced by concomitant treatment with the vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. This indicated that non-lysosomal CatB mediated the production of Aβ2−x in astrocytes, while the degradation of Aβ1−x seemed to be dependent on lysosomal CatB in H4 cells, but not in primary astrocytes. These findings highlight the importance of considering organelle targeting in drug development to promote Aβ degradation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2020.615740/fullAlzheimer's diseaseamyloid betacathepsin BN-terminusastrocyteslysosomal |
| spellingShingle | Timo Jan Oberstein Janine Utz Philipp Spitzer Hans Wolfgang Klafki Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Jens Wiltfang Piotr Lewczuk Piotr Lewczuk Johannes Kornhuber Juan Manuel Maler The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta cathepsin B N-terminus astrocytes lysosomal |
| title | The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes |
| title_full | The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes |
| title_short | The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes |
| title_sort | role of cathepsin b in the degradation of aβ and in the production of aβ peptides starting with ala2 in cultured astrocytes |
| topic | Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta cathepsin B N-terminus astrocytes lysosomal |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2020.615740/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT timojanoberstein theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT janineutz theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT philippspitzer theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT hanswolfgangklafki theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT jenswiltfang theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT jenswiltfang theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT jenswiltfang theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT piotrlewczuk theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT piotrlewczuk theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT johanneskornhuber theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT juanmanuelmaler theroleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT timojanoberstein roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT janineutz roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT philippspitzer roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT hanswolfgangklafki roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT jenswiltfang roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT jenswiltfang roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT jenswiltfang roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT piotrlewczuk roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT piotrlewczuk roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT johanneskornhuber roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes AT juanmanuelmaler roleofcathepsinbinthedegradationofabandintheproductionofabpeptidesstartingwithala2inculturedastrocytes |