Polyphenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Leaves and Fruits of <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ at Three Different Maturities
<i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ is an underutilised fruit that can be found in Malaysia and other Asian countries. Since this fruit is not fully commercialised, the information about its potential health benefits is limited. Thus, this study was carried out to determine th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/3/326 |
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| author | Nuruljannah Suhaida Idris Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker Zalilawati Mat Rashid Ali Majrashi Mekhled Mutiran Alenazi Zanariah Mohd Nor Ahmad Faris Mohd Adnan Nashriyah Mat |
| author_facet | Nuruljannah Suhaida Idris Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker Zalilawati Mat Rashid Ali Majrashi Mekhled Mutiran Alenazi Zanariah Mohd Nor Ahmad Faris Mohd Adnan Nashriyah Mat |
| author_sort | Nuruljannah Suhaida Idris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ is an underutilised fruit that can be found in Malaysia and other Asian countries. Since this fruit is not fully commercialised, the information about its potential health benefits is limited. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the polyphenolic contents (total phenolic and total flavonoid) and biological activities (antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase and antibacterial assay) of ‘Giant Green’ leaves and fruits at different maturity stages. The young, mature and old leaves, and unripe, half-ripened and ripened fruits were analysed. The results showed that the young leaves increased the TPC and TFC by 35% and 41%, over the old leaves. Similarly, TPC and TFC contents were 37% and 54% higher in unripe fruits compared to the ripened fruits. In addition, young leaves exhibited the strongest scavenging activity towards DPPH, NO and ABTS radicals with IC<sub>50</sub> values increasing 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, over the old leaves. However, in fruit samples, only unripe fruits were able to inhibit more than 50% of radicals. A comparable trend was observed in alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay whereas young leaves and unripe fruits recorded 81% and 99% increases in IC<sub>50</sub> values, respectively, from young leaves to old leaves and unripe fruits to ripened fruits. Identically, young leaves also showed a significant effect in antibacterial assay with an inhibition zone increase of 19%, 36%, 32%, and 31% in <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>E. faecalis</i>, <i>S. typhimurium</i> and <i>E. coli</i>, respectively, over the old leaves. However, only unripe fruits were most effective against all tested bacteria while half-ripened fruits were only effective against <i>E. faecalis</i> with a 1.1-fold increase in the inhibition zone compared to unripe fruits. Ripened fruits were resistant to all of the bacteria. These results suggest that the young leaves and unripe fruits of ‘Giant Green’ cultivar of <i>S. samarangense</i> could be a potential candidate for the management of some diseases coming from harmful free radicals or bacterial infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:28:18Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:28:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-a2fc61bbf5ec455083ad7051950a55a62023-11-17T11:24:07ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242023-03-019332610.3390/horticulturae9030326Polyphenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Leaves and Fruits of <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ at Three Different MaturitiesNuruljannah Suhaida Idris0Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker1Zalilawati Mat Rashid2Ali Majrashi3Mekhled Mutiran Alenazi4Zanariah Mohd Nor5Ahmad Faris Mohd Adnan6Nashriyah Mat7School of Agriculture Science & Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, MalaysiaSchool of Agriculture Science & Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, MalaysiaSchool of Food Industry, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, MalaysiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaPlant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Agriculture Science & Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, MalaysiaSchool of Agriculture Science & Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, Besut 22200, Terengganu, Malaysia<i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ is an underutilised fruit that can be found in Malaysia and other Asian countries. Since this fruit is not fully commercialised, the information about its potential health benefits is limited. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the polyphenolic contents (total phenolic and total flavonoid) and biological activities (antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase and antibacterial assay) of ‘Giant Green’ leaves and fruits at different maturity stages. The young, mature and old leaves, and unripe, half-ripened and ripened fruits were analysed. The results showed that the young leaves increased the TPC and TFC by 35% and 41%, over the old leaves. Similarly, TPC and TFC contents were 37% and 54% higher in unripe fruits compared to the ripened fruits. In addition, young leaves exhibited the strongest scavenging activity towards DPPH, NO and ABTS radicals with IC<sub>50</sub> values increasing 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, over the old leaves. However, in fruit samples, only unripe fruits were able to inhibit more than 50% of radicals. A comparable trend was observed in alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assay whereas young leaves and unripe fruits recorded 81% and 99% increases in IC<sub>50</sub> values, respectively, from young leaves to old leaves and unripe fruits to ripened fruits. Identically, young leaves also showed a significant effect in antibacterial assay with an inhibition zone increase of 19%, 36%, 32%, and 31% in <i>S. aureus</i>, <i>E. faecalis</i>, <i>S. typhimurium</i> and <i>E. coli</i>, respectively, over the old leaves. However, only unripe fruits were most effective against all tested bacteria while half-ripened fruits were only effective against <i>E. faecalis</i> with a 1.1-fold increase in the inhibition zone compared to unripe fruits. Ripened fruits were resistant to all of the bacteria. These results suggest that the young leaves and unripe fruits of ‘Giant Green’ cultivar of <i>S. samarangense</i> could be a potential candidate for the management of some diseases coming from harmful free radicals or bacterial infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/3/326<i>Syzygium samarangense</i>‘Giant Green’ cultivarphenolicflavonoidantioxidantalpha-glucosidase inhibitory |
| spellingShingle | Nuruljannah Suhaida Idris Mohammad Moneruzzaman Khandaker Zalilawati Mat Rashid Ali Majrashi Mekhled Mutiran Alenazi Zanariah Mohd Nor Ahmad Faris Mohd Adnan Nashriyah Mat Polyphenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Leaves and Fruits of <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ at Three Different Maturities Horticulturae <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> ‘Giant Green’ cultivar phenolic flavonoid antioxidant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory |
| title | Polyphenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Leaves and Fruits of <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ at Three Different Maturities |
| title_full | Polyphenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Leaves and Fruits of <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ at Three Different Maturities |
| title_fullStr | Polyphenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Leaves and Fruits of <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ at Three Different Maturities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polyphenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Leaves and Fruits of <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ at Three Different Maturities |
| title_short | Polyphenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of Leaves and Fruits of <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> cv. ‘Giant Green’ at Three Different Maturities |
| title_sort | polyphenolic compounds and biological activities of leaves and fruits of i syzygium samarangense i cv giant green at three different maturities |
| topic | <i>Syzygium samarangense</i> ‘Giant Green’ cultivar phenolic flavonoid antioxidant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/3/326 |
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