Attention Mechanism Guided Deep Regression Model for Acne Severity Grading
Acne vulgaris is the common form of acne that primarily affects adolescents, characterised by an eruption of inflammatory and/or non-inflammatory skin lesions. Accurate evaluation and severity grading of acne play a significant role in precise treatment for patients. Manual acne examination is typic...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Computers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/3/31 |
| _version_ | 1797472163742089216 |
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| author | Saeed Alzahrani Baidaa Al-Bander Waleed Al-Nuaimy |
| author_facet | Saeed Alzahrani Baidaa Al-Bander Waleed Al-Nuaimy |
| author_sort | Saeed Alzahrani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acne vulgaris is the common form of acne that primarily affects adolescents, characterised by an eruption of inflammatory and/or non-inflammatory skin lesions. Accurate evaluation and severity grading of acne play a significant role in precise treatment for patients. Manual acne examination is typically conducted by dermatologists through visual inspection of the patient skin and counting the number of acne lesions. However, this task costs time and requires excessive effort by dermatologists. This paper presents automated acne counting and severity grading method from facial images. To this end, we develop a multi-scale dilated fully convolutional regressor for density map generation integrated with an attention mechanism. The proposed fully convolutional regressor module adapts UNet with dilated convolution filters to systematically aggregate multi-scale contextual information for density maps generation. We incorporate an attention mechanism represented by prior knowledge of bounding boxes generated by Faster R-CNN into the regressor model. This attention mechanism guides the regressor model on where to look for the acne lesions by locating the most salient features related to the understudied acne lesions, therefore improving its robustness to diverse facial acne lesion distributions in sparse and dense regions. Finally, integrating over the generated density maps yields the count of acne lesions within an image, and subsequently the acne count indicates the level of acne severity. The obtained results demonstrate improved performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods in terms of regression and classification metrics. The developed computer-based diagnosis tool would greatly benefit and support automated acne lesion severity grading, significantly reducing the manual assessment and evaluation workload. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:59:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a30a124831d648649d3bde201c5d6238 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-431X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:59:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Computers |
| spelling | doaj.art-a30a124831d648649d3bde201c5d62382023-11-24T00:50:07ZengMDPI AGComputers2073-431X2022-02-011133110.3390/computers11030031Attention Mechanism Guided Deep Regression Model for Acne Severity GradingSaeed Alzahrani0Baidaa Al-Bander1Waleed Al-Nuaimy2Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UKDepartment of Computer Engineering, University of Diyala, Baqubah 32010, IraqDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UKAcne vulgaris is the common form of acne that primarily affects adolescents, characterised by an eruption of inflammatory and/or non-inflammatory skin lesions. Accurate evaluation and severity grading of acne play a significant role in precise treatment for patients. Manual acne examination is typically conducted by dermatologists through visual inspection of the patient skin and counting the number of acne lesions. However, this task costs time and requires excessive effort by dermatologists. This paper presents automated acne counting and severity grading method from facial images. To this end, we develop a multi-scale dilated fully convolutional regressor for density map generation integrated with an attention mechanism. The proposed fully convolutional regressor module adapts UNet with dilated convolution filters to systematically aggregate multi-scale contextual information for density maps generation. We incorporate an attention mechanism represented by prior knowledge of bounding boxes generated by Faster R-CNN into the regressor model. This attention mechanism guides the regressor model on where to look for the acne lesions by locating the most salient features related to the understudied acne lesions, therefore improving its robustness to diverse facial acne lesion distributions in sparse and dense regions. Finally, integrating over the generated density maps yields the count of acne lesions within an image, and subsequently the acne count indicates the level of acne severity. The obtained results demonstrate improved performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods in terms of regression and classification metrics. The developed computer-based diagnosis tool would greatly benefit and support automated acne lesion severity grading, significantly reducing the manual assessment and evaluation workload.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/3/31acne diagnosisdeep learningdensity map generationattention networkregression modelsFaster-RCNN |
| spellingShingle | Saeed Alzahrani Baidaa Al-Bander Waleed Al-Nuaimy Attention Mechanism Guided Deep Regression Model for Acne Severity Grading Computers acne diagnosis deep learning density map generation attention network regression models Faster-RCNN |
| title | Attention Mechanism Guided Deep Regression Model for Acne Severity Grading |
| title_full | Attention Mechanism Guided Deep Regression Model for Acne Severity Grading |
| title_fullStr | Attention Mechanism Guided Deep Regression Model for Acne Severity Grading |
| title_full_unstemmed | Attention Mechanism Guided Deep Regression Model for Acne Severity Grading |
| title_short | Attention Mechanism Guided Deep Regression Model for Acne Severity Grading |
| title_sort | attention mechanism guided deep regression model for acne severity grading |
| topic | acne diagnosis deep learning density map generation attention network regression models Faster-RCNN |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/3/31 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saeedalzahrani attentionmechanismguideddeepregressionmodelforacneseveritygrading AT baidaaalbander attentionmechanismguideddeepregressionmodelforacneseveritygrading AT waleedalnuaimy attentionmechanismguideddeepregressionmodelforacneseveritygrading |