Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus
Abstract Muscular anatomy often differs between species and individuals. In particular, the plantaris muscle (PM) demonstrates great morphological variability in its course and its proximal and distal attachments. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological variation of the PM tendon...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96391-8 |
| _version_ | 1818994083312435200 |
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| author | Anna Waśniewska-Włodarczyk Friedrich Paulsen Łukasz Olewnik Michał Polguj |
| author_facet | Anna Waśniewska-Włodarczyk Friedrich Paulsen Łukasz Olewnik Michał Polguj |
| author_sort | Anna Waśniewska-Włodarczyk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Muscular anatomy often differs between species and individuals. In particular, the plantaris muscle (PM) demonstrates great morphological variability in its course and its proximal and distal attachments. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological variation of the PM tendon in human fetuses. Forty-six spontaneously aborted human fetuses (23 male, 23 female) aged 18–38 weeks of gestation were studied. Morphology of the attachment of the PM was assessed in both lower extremities (n = 92). The PM was present in 72 lower limbs (78.26%) and absent in 20 (21.74%). Eight types of PM distal attachment were identified. We propose an eight-fold classification of PM insertion in fetuses. Leg length, length of tendon, extension point (ExP) from the calcaneus, and ExP thickness differed significantly among types of PM insertion. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T20:52:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a32b01c35c95431e9ba0a11c8cc0fbcc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T20:52:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-a32b01c35c95431e9ba0a11c8cc0fbcc2022-12-21T19:26:55ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222021-08-0111111210.1038/s41598-021-96391-8Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetusAnna Waśniewska-Włodarczyk0Friedrich Paulsen1Łukasz Olewnik2Michał Polguj3Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of LodzInstitute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-NürnbergDepartment of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of LodzDepartment of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of LodzAbstract Muscular anatomy often differs between species and individuals. In particular, the plantaris muscle (PM) demonstrates great morphological variability in its course and its proximal and distal attachments. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological variation of the PM tendon in human fetuses. Forty-six spontaneously aborted human fetuses (23 male, 23 female) aged 18–38 weeks of gestation were studied. Morphology of the attachment of the PM was assessed in both lower extremities (n = 92). The PM was present in 72 lower limbs (78.26%) and absent in 20 (21.74%). Eight types of PM distal attachment were identified. We propose an eight-fold classification of PM insertion in fetuses. Leg length, length of tendon, extension point (ExP) from the calcaneus, and ExP thickness differed significantly among types of PM insertion.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96391-8 |
| spellingShingle | Anna Waśniewska-Włodarczyk Friedrich Paulsen Łukasz Olewnik Michał Polguj Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus Scientific Reports |
| title | Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus |
| title_full | Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus |
| title_fullStr | Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus |
| title_short | Morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus |
| title_sort | morphological variability of the plantaris tendon in the human fetus |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96391-8 |
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