Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka
Presently, the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, and its adverse impacts, are becoming major research foci in various interrelated fields due to rapid changes in urban ecological environments. Various cities have been investigated in previous studies, and most of the findings have facilitated the...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2018-08-01
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| Series: | ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/9/341 |
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| author | Manjula Ranagalage DMSLB Dissanayake Yuji Murayama Xinmin Zhang Ronald C. Estoque ENC Perera Takehiro Morimoto |
| author_facet | Manjula Ranagalage DMSLB Dissanayake Yuji Murayama Xinmin Zhang Ronald C. Estoque ENC Perera Takehiro Morimoto |
| author_sort | Manjula Ranagalage |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Presently, the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, and its adverse impacts, are becoming major research foci in various interrelated fields due to rapid changes in urban ecological environments. Various cities have been investigated in previous studies, and most of the findings have facilitated the introduction of proper mitigation measures to overcome the negative impact of UHI. At present, most of the mountain cities of the world have undergone rapid urban development, and this has resulted in the increasing surface UHI (SUHI) phenomenon. Hence, this study focuses on quantifying SUHI in Kandy City, the world heritage tropical mountain city of Sri Lanka, using Landsat data (1996 and 2017) based on the mean land surface temperature (LST), the difference between the fraction of impervious surfaces (IS), and the fraction of green space (GS). Additionally, we examined the relationship of LST to the green space/impervious surface fraction ratio (GS/IS fraction ratio) and the magnitude of the GS/IS fraction ratio. The SUHI intensity (SUHII) was calculated based on the temperature difference between main land use/cover categories and the temperature difference between urban-rural zones. We demarcated the rural zone based on the fraction of IS recorded, <10%, along with the urban-rural gradient zone. The result shows a SUHII increase from 3.9 °C in 1996 to 6.2 °C in 2017 along the urban-rural gradient between the urban and rural zones (10 < IS). These results relate to the rapid urban expansion of the study areas from 1996 to 2017. Most of the natural surfaces have changed to impervious surfaces, causing an increase of SUHI in Kandy City. The mean LST has a positive relationship with the fraction of IS and a negative relationship with the fraction of GS. Additionally, the GS/IS fraction ratio shows a rapid decline. Thus, the findings of this study can be considered as a proxy indicator for introducing proper landscape and urban planning for the World Heritage tropical mountain city of Kandy in Sri Lanka. |
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| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2018-08-01 |
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| series | ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information |
| spelling | doaj.art-a335ccffe0e34ca3854cbe2f682dc8e62022-12-21T22:50:32ZengMDPI AGISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information2220-99642018-08-017934110.3390/ijgi7090341ijgi7090341Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri LankaManjula Ranagalage0DMSLB Dissanayake1Yuji Murayama2Xinmin Zhang3Ronald C. Estoque4ENC Perera5Takehiro Morimoto6Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanGraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanFaculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanGraduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanCenter for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, JapanInstitute of Human Resource Advancement (IHRA), University of Colombo, Colombo 00700, Sri LankaFaculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, JapanPresently, the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, and its adverse impacts, are becoming major research foci in various interrelated fields due to rapid changes in urban ecological environments. Various cities have been investigated in previous studies, and most of the findings have facilitated the introduction of proper mitigation measures to overcome the negative impact of UHI. At present, most of the mountain cities of the world have undergone rapid urban development, and this has resulted in the increasing surface UHI (SUHI) phenomenon. Hence, this study focuses on quantifying SUHI in Kandy City, the world heritage tropical mountain city of Sri Lanka, using Landsat data (1996 and 2017) based on the mean land surface temperature (LST), the difference between the fraction of impervious surfaces (IS), and the fraction of green space (GS). Additionally, we examined the relationship of LST to the green space/impervious surface fraction ratio (GS/IS fraction ratio) and the magnitude of the GS/IS fraction ratio. The SUHI intensity (SUHII) was calculated based on the temperature difference between main land use/cover categories and the temperature difference between urban-rural zones. We demarcated the rural zone based on the fraction of IS recorded, <10%, along with the urban-rural gradient zone. The result shows a SUHII increase from 3.9 °C in 1996 to 6.2 °C in 2017 along the urban-rural gradient between the urban and rural zones (10 < IS). These results relate to the rapid urban expansion of the study areas from 1996 to 2017. Most of the natural surfaces have changed to impervious surfaces, causing an increase of SUHI in Kandy City. The mean LST has a positive relationship with the fraction of IS and a negative relationship with the fraction of GS. Additionally, the GS/IS fraction ratio shows a rapid decline. Thus, the findings of this study can be considered as a proxy indicator for introducing proper landscape and urban planning for the World Heritage tropical mountain city of Kandy in Sri Lanka.http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/9/341land surface temperatureurban heat islandurban heat island intensitygradient analysisimpervious surfacegreen surfaceKandy CitySri Lanka |
| spellingShingle | Manjula Ranagalage DMSLB Dissanayake Yuji Murayama Xinmin Zhang Ronald C. Estoque ENC Perera Takehiro Morimoto Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information land surface temperature urban heat island urban heat island intensity gradient analysis impervious surface green surface Kandy City Sri Lanka |
| title | Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka |
| title_full | Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka |
| title_fullStr | Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka |
| title_short | Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka |
| title_sort | quantifying surface urban heat island formation in the world heritage tropical mountain city of sri lanka |
| topic | land surface temperature urban heat island urban heat island intensity gradient analysis impervious surface green surface Kandy City Sri Lanka |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/9/341 |
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