Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks
Tumorigenesis is a multifaceted process, where multiple physiological traits serving as cancer’s distinctive characteristics are acquired. “Hallmarks of cancer” is a set of cognitive abilities acquired by human cells that are pivotal to their tumor-forming potential. With limited or no protein-codin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Genetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.1022734/full |
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| author | Nazoora Khan Mohd Saad Umar Mohamed Haq Talha Rauf Swaleha Zubair Mohammad Owais |
| author_facet | Nazoora Khan Mohd Saad Umar Mohamed Haq Talha Rauf Swaleha Zubair Mohammad Owais |
| author_sort | Nazoora Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Tumorigenesis is a multifaceted process, where multiple physiological traits serving as cancer’s distinctive characteristics are acquired. “Hallmarks of cancer” is a set of cognitive abilities acquired by human cells that are pivotal to their tumor-forming potential. With limited or no protein-coding ability, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) interact with their target molecules and yield significant regulatory effects on several cell cycle processes. They play a “yin” and “yang” role, thereby functioning both as oncogenic and tumor suppressor and considered important in the management of various types of cancer entities. ncRNAs serve as important post-transcriptional and translational regulators of not only unrestricted expansion and metastasis of tumor cells but also of various biological processes, such as genomic mutation, DNA damage, immune escape, and metabolic disorder. Dynamical attributes such as increased proliferative signaling, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition are considered to be significant determinants of tumor malignancy, metastatic dissemination, and therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, these biological attributes engage tumor cells with immune cells within the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor formation. We elaborate the interaction of ncRNAs with various factors in order to regulate cancer intra/intercellular signaling in a specific tumor microenvironment, which facilitates the cancer cells in acquiring malignant hallmarks. Exosomes represent a means of intercellular communication and participate in the maintenance of the tumor hallmarks, adding depth to the intricate, multifactorial character of malignant neoplasia. To summarize, ncRNAs have a profound impact on tumors, affecting their microcirculation, invasiveness, altered metabolism, microenvironment, and the capacity to modify the host immunological environment. Though the significance of ncRNAs in crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment is being extensively explored, we intend to review the hallmarks in the light of exosome-derived non-coding RNAs and their impact on the tumor microenvironment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T22:35:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a337a7ed500246f3a74a936cf4375dd7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-8021 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T22:35:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Genetics |
| spelling | doaj.art-a337a7ed500246f3a74a936cf4375dd72022-12-22T02:26:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212022-10-011310.3389/fgene.2022.10227341022734Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarksNazoora Khan0Mohd Saad Umar1Mohamed Haq2Talha Rauf3Swaleha Zubair4Mohammad Owais5Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, IndiaInterdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, IndiaUniversity of Houston, Houston, TX, United StatesInterdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, IndiaDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, IndiaInterdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, IndiaTumorigenesis is a multifaceted process, where multiple physiological traits serving as cancer’s distinctive characteristics are acquired. “Hallmarks of cancer” is a set of cognitive abilities acquired by human cells that are pivotal to their tumor-forming potential. With limited or no protein-coding ability, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) interact with their target molecules and yield significant regulatory effects on several cell cycle processes. They play a “yin” and “yang” role, thereby functioning both as oncogenic and tumor suppressor and considered important in the management of various types of cancer entities. ncRNAs serve as important post-transcriptional and translational regulators of not only unrestricted expansion and metastasis of tumor cells but also of various biological processes, such as genomic mutation, DNA damage, immune escape, and metabolic disorder. Dynamical attributes such as increased proliferative signaling, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition are considered to be significant determinants of tumor malignancy, metastatic dissemination, and therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, these biological attributes engage tumor cells with immune cells within the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor formation. We elaborate the interaction of ncRNAs with various factors in order to regulate cancer intra/intercellular signaling in a specific tumor microenvironment, which facilitates the cancer cells in acquiring malignant hallmarks. Exosomes represent a means of intercellular communication and participate in the maintenance of the tumor hallmarks, adding depth to the intricate, multifactorial character of malignant neoplasia. To summarize, ncRNAs have a profound impact on tumors, affecting their microcirculation, invasiveness, altered metabolism, microenvironment, and the capacity to modify the host immunological environment. Though the significance of ncRNAs in crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment is being extensively explored, we intend to review the hallmarks in the light of exosome-derived non-coding RNAs and their impact on the tumor microenvironment.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.1022734/fullexosomenon-coding RNAtumor-hallmarkstumor promotertumor suppressor |
| spellingShingle | Nazoora Khan Mohd Saad Umar Mohamed Haq Talha Rauf Swaleha Zubair Mohammad Owais Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks Frontiers in Genetics exosome non-coding RNA tumor-hallmarks tumor promoter tumor suppressor |
| title | Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks |
| title_full | Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks |
| title_fullStr | Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks |
| title_short | Exosome-encapsulated ncRNAs: Emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks |
| title_sort | exosome encapsulated ncrnas emerging yin and yang of tumor hallmarks |
| topic | exosome non-coding RNA tumor-hallmarks tumor promoter tumor suppressor |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.1022734/full |
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