Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield Prediction
Canopy-intercepted light, or photosynthetically active radiation, is fundamentally crucial for quantifying crop biomass development and yield potential. Fractional photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (fPAR) is conventionally obtained by measuring the PAR both below and above the canopy using a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.715361/full |
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| author | Xin Zhang Alireza Pourreza Kyle H. Cheung German Zuniga-Ramirez German Zuniga-Ramirez Bruce D. Lampinen Kenneth A. Shackel |
| author_facet | Xin Zhang Alireza Pourreza Kyle H. Cheung German Zuniga-Ramirez German Zuniga-Ramirez Bruce D. Lampinen Kenneth A. Shackel |
| author_sort | Xin Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Canopy-intercepted light, or photosynthetically active radiation, is fundamentally crucial for quantifying crop biomass development and yield potential. Fractional photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (fPAR) is conventionally obtained by measuring the PAR both below and above the canopy using a mobile lightbar platform to predict the potential yield of nut crops. This study proposed a feasible and low-cost method for accurately estimating the canopy fPAR using aerial photogrammetry-based canopy three-dimensional models. We tested up to eight different varieties in three experimental almond orchards, including California's leading variety of ‘Nonpareil’. To extract various canopy profile features, such as canopy cover and canopy volume index, we developed a complete data collection and processing pipeline called Virtual Orchard (VO) in Python environment. Canopy fPAR estimated by VO throughout the season was compared against midday canopy fPAR measured by a mobile lightbar platform in midseason, achieving a strong correlation (R2) of 0.96. A low root mean square error (RMSE) of 2% for ‘Nonpareil’. Furthermore, we developed regression models for predicting actual almond yield using both measures, where VO estimation of canopy fPAR, as a stronger indicator, achieved a much better prediction (R2 = 0.84 and RMSE = 195 lb acre−1) than the lightbar (R2 = 0.70 and RMSE = 266 lb acre−1) for ‘Nonpareil’. Eight different new models for estimating potential yield were also developed using temporal analysis from May to August in 2019 by adjusting the ratio between fPAR and dry kernel yield previously found using a lightbar. Finally, we compared the two measures at two different spatial precision levels: per-row and per-block. fPAR estimated by VO at the per-tree level was also assessed. Results showed that VO estimated canopy fPAR performed better at each precision level than lightbar with up to 0.13 higher R2. The findings in this study serve as a fundamental link between aerial-based canopy fPAR and the actual yield of almonds. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T08:06:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a365556650db4e2ca3e2ff61b8baf2c72022-12-21T22:38:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2021-08-011210.3389/fpls.2021.715361715361Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield PredictionXin Zhang0Alireza Pourreza1Kyle H. Cheung2German Zuniga-Ramirez3German Zuniga-Ramirez4Bruce D. Lampinen5Kenneth A. Shackel6Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesKearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Parlier, CA, United StatesDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United StatesCanopy-intercepted light, or photosynthetically active radiation, is fundamentally crucial for quantifying crop biomass development and yield potential. Fractional photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (fPAR) is conventionally obtained by measuring the PAR both below and above the canopy using a mobile lightbar platform to predict the potential yield of nut crops. This study proposed a feasible and low-cost method for accurately estimating the canopy fPAR using aerial photogrammetry-based canopy three-dimensional models. We tested up to eight different varieties in three experimental almond orchards, including California's leading variety of ‘Nonpareil’. To extract various canopy profile features, such as canopy cover and canopy volume index, we developed a complete data collection and processing pipeline called Virtual Orchard (VO) in Python environment. Canopy fPAR estimated by VO throughout the season was compared against midday canopy fPAR measured by a mobile lightbar platform in midseason, achieving a strong correlation (R2) of 0.96. A low root mean square error (RMSE) of 2% for ‘Nonpareil’. Furthermore, we developed regression models for predicting actual almond yield using both measures, where VO estimation of canopy fPAR, as a stronger indicator, achieved a much better prediction (R2 = 0.84 and RMSE = 195 lb acre−1) than the lightbar (R2 = 0.70 and RMSE = 266 lb acre−1) for ‘Nonpareil’. Eight different new models for estimating potential yield were also developed using temporal analysis from May to August in 2019 by adjusting the ratio between fPAR and dry kernel yield previously found using a lightbar. Finally, we compared the two measures at two different spatial precision levels: per-row and per-block. fPAR estimated by VO at the per-tree level was also assessed. Results showed that VO estimated canopy fPAR performed better at each precision level than lightbar with up to 0.13 higher R2. The findings in this study serve as a fundamental link between aerial-based canopy fPAR and the actual yield of almonds.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.715361/fullaerial photogrammetrycanopy light interceptioncanopy profile featuredigital elevation modeldigital surface modelvirtual orchard |
| spellingShingle | Xin Zhang Alireza Pourreza Kyle H. Cheung German Zuniga-Ramirez German Zuniga-Ramirez Bruce D. Lampinen Kenneth A. Shackel Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield Prediction Frontiers in Plant Science aerial photogrammetry canopy light interception canopy profile feature digital elevation model digital surface model virtual orchard |
| title | Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield Prediction |
| title_full | Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield Prediction |
| title_fullStr | Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield Prediction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield Prediction |
| title_short | Estimation of Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation From a Canopy 3D Model; Case Study: Almond Yield Prediction |
| title_sort | estimation of fractional photosynthetically active radiation from a canopy 3d model case study almond yield prediction |
| topic | aerial photogrammetry canopy light interception canopy profile feature digital elevation model digital surface model virtual orchard |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.715361/full |
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