Call to Action for Enhanced Equity: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Sex Differences in Stroke Symptoms
BackgroundFundamental aspects of human identity may play a role in the presentation of stroke symptoms and, consequently, stroke recognition. Strokes must be recognized and treated expeditiously, as delays result in poorer outcomes. It is known that sex plays a role in the presentation of symptoms,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.874239/full |
| _version_ | 1818215187830800384 |
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| author | Floortje L. Hosman Sabine Engels Hester M. den Ruijter Lieza G. Exalto |
| author_facet | Floortje L. Hosman Sabine Engels Hester M. den Ruijter Lieza G. Exalto |
| author_sort | Floortje L. Hosman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundFundamental aspects of human identity may play a role in the presentation of stroke symptoms and, consequently, stroke recognition. Strokes must be recognized and treated expeditiously, as delays result in poorer outcomes. It is known that sex plays a role in the presentation of symptoms, such that non-traditional symptoms are more commonly observed among women. However, factors such as geographical location and race/ethnicity, and the interactions between these various factors, need to be considered. This will provide an intersectional approach.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was conducted to investigate differences in the presentation of stroke symptoms between sexes. Using PubMed and Embase, a search involving the components sex, symptoms and stroke was completed and yielded 26 full-text manuscripts.ResultsOur findings indicate that there is substantial overlap in stroke symptom presentation in men and women. Nonetheless, some differences in the clinical manifestations of stroke were observed. In addition, it was discovered that only three studies were conducted outside of North America and Europe. Furthermore, only two studies reported symptoms based on both sex and racial/ethnic group.ConclusionThese findings indicate a research gap and call for increased research in order to uncover the possible interactions between sex and race/ethnicity in an intersectional approach. Resultantly, stroke recognition could be improved and greater equity in healthcare can be achieved. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T06:32:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a36d090de8994a6da682a231dfffbdd7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-055X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T06:32:06Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-a36d090de8994a6da682a231dfffbdd72022-12-22T00:34:33ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine2297-055X2022-05-01910.3389/fcvm.2022.874239874239Call to Action for Enhanced Equity: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Sex Differences in Stroke SymptomsFloortje L. Hosman0Sabine Engels1Hester M. den Ruijter2Lieza G. Exalto3Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, NetherlandsDepartment of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, NetherlandsLaboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, NetherlandsDepartment of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, NetherlandsBackgroundFundamental aspects of human identity may play a role in the presentation of stroke symptoms and, consequently, stroke recognition. Strokes must be recognized and treated expeditiously, as delays result in poorer outcomes. It is known that sex plays a role in the presentation of symptoms, such that non-traditional symptoms are more commonly observed among women. However, factors such as geographical location and race/ethnicity, and the interactions between these various factors, need to be considered. This will provide an intersectional approach.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was conducted to investigate differences in the presentation of stroke symptoms between sexes. Using PubMed and Embase, a search involving the components sex, symptoms and stroke was completed and yielded 26 full-text manuscripts.ResultsOur findings indicate that there is substantial overlap in stroke symptom presentation in men and women. Nonetheless, some differences in the clinical manifestations of stroke were observed. In addition, it was discovered that only three studies were conducted outside of North America and Europe. Furthermore, only two studies reported symptoms based on both sex and racial/ethnic group.ConclusionThese findings indicate a research gap and call for increased research in order to uncover the possible interactions between sex and race/ethnicity in an intersectional approach. Resultantly, stroke recognition could be improved and greater equity in healthcare can be achieved.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.874239/fullstrokesexintersectionalityethnic diversitysymptoms |
| spellingShingle | Floortje L. Hosman Sabine Engels Hester M. den Ruijter Lieza G. Exalto Call to Action for Enhanced Equity: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Sex Differences in Stroke Symptoms Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine stroke sex intersectionality ethnic diversity symptoms |
| title | Call to Action for Enhanced Equity: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Sex Differences in Stroke Symptoms |
| title_full | Call to Action for Enhanced Equity: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Sex Differences in Stroke Symptoms |
| title_fullStr | Call to Action for Enhanced Equity: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Sex Differences in Stroke Symptoms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Call to Action for Enhanced Equity: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Sex Differences in Stroke Symptoms |
| title_short | Call to Action for Enhanced Equity: Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Sex Differences in Stroke Symptoms |
| title_sort | call to action for enhanced equity racial ethnic diversity and sex differences in stroke symptoms |
| topic | stroke sex intersectionality ethnic diversity symptoms |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.874239/full |
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