Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterial Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) represents an important pathogen of clinical relevance, causing a wide variety of symptoms. The broad distribution of multidrug-resistant strains necessarily demands new antibacterial agents for the treatment of <i>S. aure...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Applied Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/17/8691 |
| _version_ | 1797496316852436992 |
|---|---|
| author | Federica Dell’Annunziata Veronica Folliero Francesca Palma Valeria Crudele Emiliana Finamore Giuseppina Sanna Aldo Manzin Anna De Filippis Massimiliano Galdiero Gianluigi Franci |
| author_facet | Federica Dell’Annunziata Veronica Folliero Francesca Palma Valeria Crudele Emiliana Finamore Giuseppina Sanna Aldo Manzin Anna De Filippis Massimiliano Galdiero Gianluigi Franci |
| author_sort | Federica Dell’Annunziata |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) represents an important pathogen of clinical relevance, causing a wide variety of symptoms. The broad distribution of multidrug-resistant strains necessarily demands new antibacterial agents for the treatment of <i>S. aureus</i> infections. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of plant-derived compounds, pure 4,5″-dihydroxy-anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (Rhein), against standard and clinical isolated <i>S. aureus</i> strains. The hemolysis and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were used to determine the cytotoxicity on human erythrocytes and bronchial epithelial cells after treatment with Rhein. The antibacterial effect was assessed via disk diffusion test, broth microdilution methods, time-killing assays and live–dead evaluation (50–0.39 µg/mL). Rhein effect on the hemolytic activity of α-toxin and catalase were estimated. Moreover, crystal violet (CV) assay evaluated its impact on biofilm biomass. The compound exhibited 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC<sub>50</sub>) and 50% hemolysis concentration (EC<sub>50</sub>) of 43.6 and >50 µg/mL, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Rhein was 12.5 µg/mL for all tested strains, exerting bacteriostatic action. MIC and sub-MIC concentrations of Rhein significantly reduced hemolytic and catalase activities, impairing the major virulence factors of <i>S. aureus</i> strains. Rhein also reduced biofilm biomass in a dose-dependent manner, reaching rates of about 50% eradication at a dose of 50 µg/mL. These findings suggest that Rhein could represent a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of <i>S. aureus</i> infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:01:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a3ab8a57d6894efc82807871ef16fe1c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:01:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a3ab8a57d6894efc82807871ef16fe1c2023-11-23T12:45:08ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-08-011217869110.3390/app12178691Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterial Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Federica Dell’Annunziata0Veronica Folliero1Francesca Palma2Valeria Crudele3Emiliana Finamore4Giuseppina Sanna5Aldo Manzin6Anna De Filippis7Massimiliano Galdiero8Gianluigi Franci9Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalySection of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalySection of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalyMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, ItalyDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) represents an important pathogen of clinical relevance, causing a wide variety of symptoms. The broad distribution of multidrug-resistant strains necessarily demands new antibacterial agents for the treatment of <i>S. aureus</i> infections. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of plant-derived compounds, pure 4,5″-dihydroxy-anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (Rhein), against standard and clinical isolated <i>S. aureus</i> strains. The hemolysis and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were used to determine the cytotoxicity on human erythrocytes and bronchial epithelial cells after treatment with Rhein. The antibacterial effect was assessed via disk diffusion test, broth microdilution methods, time-killing assays and live–dead evaluation (50–0.39 µg/mL). Rhein effect on the hemolytic activity of α-toxin and catalase were estimated. Moreover, crystal violet (CV) assay evaluated its impact on biofilm biomass. The compound exhibited 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC<sub>50</sub>) and 50% hemolysis concentration (EC<sub>50</sub>) of 43.6 and >50 µg/mL, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Rhein was 12.5 µg/mL for all tested strains, exerting bacteriostatic action. MIC and sub-MIC concentrations of Rhein significantly reduced hemolytic and catalase activities, impairing the major virulence factors of <i>S. aureus</i> strains. Rhein also reduced biofilm biomass in a dose-dependent manner, reaching rates of about 50% eradication at a dose of 50 µg/mL. These findings suggest that Rhein could represent a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of <i>S. aureus</i> infections.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/17/8691<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Rheinnatural productantibacterial activityantibiofilm activity |
| spellingShingle | Federica Dell’Annunziata Veronica Folliero Francesca Palma Valeria Crudele Emiliana Finamore Giuseppina Sanna Aldo Manzin Anna De Filippis Massimiliano Galdiero Gianluigi Franci Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterial Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Applied Sciences <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Rhein natural product antibacterial activity antibiofilm activity |
| title | Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterial Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_full | Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterial Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterial Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterial Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_short | Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterial Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> |
| title_sort | anthraquinone rhein exhibits antibacterial activity against i staphylococcus aureus i |
| topic | <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Rhein natural product antibacterial activity antibiofilm activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/17/8691 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT federicadellannunziata anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT veronicafolliero anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT francescapalma anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT valeriacrudele anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT emilianafinamore anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT giuseppinasanna anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT aldomanzin anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT annadefilippis anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT massimilianogaldiero anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi AT gianluigifranci anthraquinonerheinexhibitsantibacterialactivityagainstistaphylococcusaureusi |