A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles
The increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads has led to a rise in the number of batteries reaching the end of their first life. Such batteries, however, still have a capacity of 75–80% remaining, creating an opportunity for a second life in less power-intensive applications. Utilisi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-02-01
|
| Series: | Batteries |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/3/79 |
| _version_ | 1797242084398202880 |
|---|---|
| author | Farhad Salek Shahaboddin Resalati Meisam Babaie Paul Henshall Denise Morrey Lei Yao |
| author_facet | Farhad Salek Shahaboddin Resalati Meisam Babaie Paul Henshall Denise Morrey Lei Yao |
| author_sort | Farhad Salek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads has led to a rise in the number of batteries reaching the end of their first life. Such batteries, however, still have a capacity of 75–80% remaining, creating an opportunity for a second life in less power-intensive applications. Utilising these second-life batteries (SLBs) requires specific preparation, including grading the batteries based on their State of Health (SoH); repackaging, considering the end-use requirements; and the development of an accurate battery-management system (BMS) based on validated theoretical models. In this paper, we conduct a technical review of mathematical modelling and experimental analyses of SLBs to address existing challenges in BMS development. Our review reveals that most of the recent research focuses on environmental and economic aspects rather than technical challenges. The review suggests the use of equivalent-circuit models with 2RCs and 3RCs, which exhibit good accuracy for estimating the performance of lithium-ion batteries during their second life. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests provide valuable information about the SLBs’ degradation history and conditions. For addressing calendar-ageing mechanisms, electrochemical models are suggested over empirical models due to their effectiveness and efficiency. Additionally, generating cycle-ageing test profiles based on real application scenarios using synthetic load data is recommended for reliable predictions. Artificial intelligence algorithms show promise in predicting SLB cycle-ageing fading parameters, offering significant time-saving benefits for lab testing. Our study emphasises the importance of focusing on technical challenges to facilitate the effective utilisation of SLBs in stationary applications, such as building energy-storage systems and EV charging stations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:33:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a3c251ad3d77454ab51f11122f52a54a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2313-0105 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:33:36Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj.art-a3c251ad3d77454ab51f11122f52a54a2024-03-27T13:21:11ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052024-02-011037910.3390/batteries10030079A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric VehiclesFarhad Salek0Shahaboddin Resalati1Meisam Babaie2Paul Henshall3Denise Morrey4Lei Yao5Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKFaculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKSchool of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKFaculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKFaculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKFaculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UKThe increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads has led to a rise in the number of batteries reaching the end of their first life. Such batteries, however, still have a capacity of 75–80% remaining, creating an opportunity for a second life in less power-intensive applications. Utilising these second-life batteries (SLBs) requires specific preparation, including grading the batteries based on their State of Health (SoH); repackaging, considering the end-use requirements; and the development of an accurate battery-management system (BMS) based on validated theoretical models. In this paper, we conduct a technical review of mathematical modelling and experimental analyses of SLBs to address existing challenges in BMS development. Our review reveals that most of the recent research focuses on environmental and economic aspects rather than technical challenges. The review suggests the use of equivalent-circuit models with 2RCs and 3RCs, which exhibit good accuracy for estimating the performance of lithium-ion batteries during their second life. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests provide valuable information about the SLBs’ degradation history and conditions. For addressing calendar-ageing mechanisms, electrochemical models are suggested over empirical models due to their effectiveness and efficiency. Additionally, generating cycle-ageing test profiles based on real application scenarios using synthetic load data is recommended for reliable predictions. Artificial intelligence algorithms show promise in predicting SLB cycle-ageing fading parameters, offering significant time-saving benefits for lab testing. Our study emphasises the importance of focusing on technical challenges to facilitate the effective utilisation of SLBs in stationary applications, such as building energy-storage systems and EV charging stations.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/3/79electric vehiclesstate of healthstationary applicationssecond lifebattery-management system |
| spellingShingle | Farhad Salek Shahaboddin Resalati Meisam Babaie Paul Henshall Denise Morrey Lei Yao A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles Batteries electric vehicles state of health stationary applications second life battery-management system |
| title | A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles |
| title_full | A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles |
| title_short | A Review of the Technical Challenges and Solutions in Maximising the Potential Use of Second Life Batteries from Electric Vehicles |
| title_sort | review of the technical challenges and solutions in maximising the potential use of second life batteries from electric vehicles |
| topic | electric vehicles state of health stationary applications second life battery-management system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/3/79 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT farhadsalek areviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT shahaboddinresalati areviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT meisambabaie areviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT paulhenshall areviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT denisemorrey areviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT leiyao areviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT farhadsalek reviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT shahaboddinresalati reviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT meisambabaie reviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT paulhenshall reviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT denisemorrey reviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles AT leiyao reviewofthetechnicalchallengesandsolutionsinmaximisingthepotentialuseofsecondlifebatteriesfromelectricvehicles |