Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells
Flavonoids are being increasingly applied for the treatment of various diseases due to their anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties. However, it is often challenging to detect their presence in cells and tissues through bioimaging, as most of them are not fluorescent...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/6/1265 |
| _version_ | 1797489747029917696 |
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| author | Ranjit De Kyung Won Jo Kyong-Tai Kim |
| author_facet | Ranjit De Kyung Won Jo Kyong-Tai Kim |
| author_sort | Ranjit De |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Flavonoids are being increasingly applied for the treatment of various diseases due to their anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties. However, it is often challenging to detect their presence in cells and tissues through bioimaging, as most of them are not fluorescent or are too weak to visualize. Here, fluorescence possibilities of nine naturally occurring analogous flavonoids have been investigated through UV/visible spectroscopy, molecular structure examination, fluorescent images in mammalian cells and their statistical analysis employing aluminum chloride and diphenylboric acid 2-aminoethyl ester as fluorescence enhancers. It is found that, in order to form a stable fluorescent complex with an enhancer, flavonoids should have a keto group at C4 position and at least one -OH group at C3 or C5 position. Additionally, the presence of a double bond at C2–C3 can stabilize extended quinonoid structure at the cinnamoyl moiety, which thereby enhances the complex stability. A possible restriction to the free rotation of ring B around C1′–C2 single bond can contribute to the further enhancement of fluorescence. Thus, these findings can act as a guide for distinguishing flavonoids capable of exhibiting fluorescence from thousands of their analogues. Finally, using this technique, flavonoids are detected in neuroblastoma cells and their time course assay is conducted via fluorescence imaging. Their cellular uptake efficiency is found to be high and differential in nature and their distribution throughout the cytoplasm is clearly detected. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:22:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a3e9d3eff8014eccbbc050a14347e25c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:22:00Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-a3e9d3eff8014eccbbc050a14347e25c2023-11-23T15:41:49ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592022-05-01106126510.3390/biomedicines10061265Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian CellsRanjit De0Kyung Won Jo1Kyong-Tai Kim2Laboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, KoreaLaboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, KoreaLaboratory of Molecular Neurophysiology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, KoreaFlavonoids are being increasingly applied for the treatment of various diseases due to their anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties. However, it is often challenging to detect their presence in cells and tissues through bioimaging, as most of them are not fluorescent or are too weak to visualize. Here, fluorescence possibilities of nine naturally occurring analogous flavonoids have been investigated through UV/visible spectroscopy, molecular structure examination, fluorescent images in mammalian cells and their statistical analysis employing aluminum chloride and diphenylboric acid 2-aminoethyl ester as fluorescence enhancers. It is found that, in order to form a stable fluorescent complex with an enhancer, flavonoids should have a keto group at C4 position and at least one -OH group at C3 or C5 position. Additionally, the presence of a double bond at C2–C3 can stabilize extended quinonoid structure at the cinnamoyl moiety, which thereby enhances the complex stability. A possible restriction to the free rotation of ring B around C1′–C2 single bond can contribute to the further enhancement of fluorescence. Thus, these findings can act as a guide for distinguishing flavonoids capable of exhibiting fluorescence from thousands of their analogues. Finally, using this technique, flavonoids are detected in neuroblastoma cells and their time course assay is conducted via fluorescence imaging. Their cellular uptake efficiency is found to be high and differential in nature and their distribution throughout the cytoplasm is clearly detected.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/6/1265antioxidantsflavonoidsneuroblastoma cellsfluorescencediphenylboric acid 2-aminoethyl esteraluminum chloride |
| spellingShingle | Ranjit De Kyung Won Jo Kyong-Tai Kim Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells Biomedicines antioxidants flavonoids neuroblastoma cells fluorescence diphenylboric acid 2-aminoethyl ester aluminum chloride |
| title | Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells |
| title_full | Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells |
| title_short | Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells |
| title_sort | influence of molecular structures on fluorescence of flavonoids and their detection in mammalian cells |
| topic | antioxidants flavonoids neuroblastoma cells fluorescence diphenylboric acid 2-aminoethyl ester aluminum chloride |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/6/1265 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ranjitde influenceofmolecularstructuresonfluorescenceofflavonoidsandtheirdetectioninmammaliancells AT kyungwonjo influenceofmolecularstructuresonfluorescenceofflavonoidsandtheirdetectioninmammaliancells AT kyongtaikim influenceofmolecularstructuresonfluorescenceofflavonoidsandtheirdetectioninmammaliancells |