K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<sup>+</sup>: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms
As Mobile Communication and Internet Systems (MCIS) have rapidly developed, security issues related to MCIS have become increasingly important. Therefore, the development and research of security technologies for mobile communication and internet systems are actively being conducted. Hash-Based Sign...
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7558 |
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| author | Minjoo Sim Siwoo Eum Gyeongju Song Yujin Yang Wonwoong Kim Hwajeong Seo |
| author_facet | Minjoo Sim Siwoo Eum Gyeongju Song Yujin Yang Wonwoong Kim Hwajeong Seo |
| author_sort | Minjoo Sim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As Mobile Communication and Internet Systems (MCIS) have rapidly developed, security issues related to MCIS have become increasingly important. Therefore, the development and research of security technologies for mobile communication and internet systems are actively being conducted. Hash-Based Signature (HBS) uses a hash function to construct a digital signature scheme, where its security is guaranteed by the collision resistance of the hash function used. To provide sufficient security in the post-quantum environment, the length of hash should be satisfied for the security requirement. Modern HBS can be classified into stateful and stateless schemes. Two representative stateful and stateless HBS are eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme(XMSS) and SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, respectively. In this paper, we propose two HBS schemes: K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, which replace internal hash functions of XMSS and SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> with Korean cryptography algorithms. K-XMSS is a stateful signature, while K-SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> is its stateless counterpart. We showcase the reference implementation of K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> employing Lightweight Secure Hash (LSH) and two hash functions based on block ciphers (i.e., CHAM and LEA) as the internal hash function. In addition, K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> using Advanced Vector Extensions 2 (AVX2) have been provided, demonstrating that they can be optimized for better performance using advanced implementation techniques than previous approaches. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a3f980981684400f8cb5a7e36016bff72023-11-19T08:51:30ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-08-012317755810.3390/s23177558K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<sup>+</sup>: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography AlgorithmsMinjoo Sim0Siwoo Eum1Gyeongju Song2Yujin Yang3Wonwoong Kim4Hwajeong Seo5Department of Information Computer Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Information Computer Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Information Computer Engineering, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Convergence Security, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Convergence Security, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Convergence Security, Hansung University, Seoul 02876, Republic of KoreaAs Mobile Communication and Internet Systems (MCIS) have rapidly developed, security issues related to MCIS have become increasingly important. Therefore, the development and research of security technologies for mobile communication and internet systems are actively being conducted. Hash-Based Signature (HBS) uses a hash function to construct a digital signature scheme, where its security is guaranteed by the collision resistance of the hash function used. To provide sufficient security in the post-quantum environment, the length of hash should be satisfied for the security requirement. Modern HBS can be classified into stateful and stateless schemes. Two representative stateful and stateless HBS are eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme(XMSS) and SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, respectively. In this paper, we propose two HBS schemes: K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, which replace internal hash functions of XMSS and SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> with Korean cryptography algorithms. K-XMSS is a stateful signature, while K-SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> is its stateless counterpart. We showcase the reference implementation of K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> employing Lightweight Secure Hash (LSH) and two hash functions based on block ciphers (i.e., CHAM and LEA) as the internal hash function. In addition, K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> using Advanced Vector Extensions 2 (AVX2) have been provided, demonstrating that they can be optimized for better performance using advanced implementation techniques than previous approaches.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7558XMSSSPHINCS<sup>+</sup>Korean cryptography algorithmshash based signaturessoftware implementations |
| spellingShingle | Minjoo Sim Siwoo Eum Gyeongju Song Yujin Yang Wonwoong Kim Hwajeong Seo K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<sup>+</sup>: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms Sensors XMSS SPHINCS<sup>+</sup> Korean cryptography algorithms hash based signatures software implementations |
| title | K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<sup>+</sup>: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms |
| title_full | K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<sup>+</sup>: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms |
| title_fullStr | K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<sup>+</sup>: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms |
| title_full_unstemmed | K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<sup>+</sup>: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms |
| title_short | K-XMSS and K-SPHINCS<sup>+</sup>: Enhancing Security in Next-Generation Mobile Communication and Internet Systems with Hash Based Signatures Using Korean Cryptography Algorithms |
| title_sort | k xmss and k sphincs sup sup enhancing security in next generation mobile communication and internet systems with hash based signatures using korean cryptography algorithms |
| topic | XMSS SPHINCS<sup>+</sup> Korean cryptography algorithms hash based signatures software implementations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/17/7558 |
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