Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is one of the common factors which precipitate antimicrobial resistance, yet if effective implementations are amended it can be effortlessly controlled. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and predictors of SMA in Sudan. Methods: The...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/612 |
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| author | Mohamed A. Hussain Ahmed O. Mohamed Omalhassan A. Abdelkarim Bashir A. Yousef Asma A. Babikir Maysoon M. Mirghani Entsar A. Mohamed Wadah Osman Ramzi A. Mothana Rashid Elhag |
| author_facet | Mohamed A. Hussain Ahmed O. Mohamed Omalhassan A. Abdelkarim Bashir A. Yousef Asma A. Babikir Maysoon M. Mirghani Entsar A. Mohamed Wadah Osman Ramzi A. Mothana Rashid Elhag |
| author_sort | Mohamed A. Hussain |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is one of the common factors which precipitate antimicrobial resistance, yet if effective implementations are amended it can be effortlessly controlled. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and predictors of SMA in Sudan. Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional study design conducted in all Sudan states between June and December 2021. Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Binary logistic regression was computed to investigate the possible factors which associated with SMA. Results: Out of 1492 participants surveyed, 71.3% utilize antibiotics as self-medication. The derived reasons for SMA were convenience (63.3%) and cost-saving (34.8%). Tonsillitis was the most common ailment behind SMA (55.5%). Log-binominal regression revealed that non-insured and low level of education participants were more likely to predict SMA. Regarding the practice, 40% changed the dose and/or antibiotics mainly owing to improvement (53.7%) or worsening of the condition (37.9%). The most commonly used antibiotic was amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (32.5%). Conclusions: Two out of three individuals in Sudan practice SMA mainly to manage upper respiratory tract ailments. Thus, the necessity of implementing an antimicrobial stewardship program throughout the country, as well as implementing effective legislation to prohibit dispensing antibiotics without prescription is urgently required. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:00:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a412d72fdb8c4b64919f0341e67d861a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:00:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-a412d72fdb8c4b64919f0341e67d861a2023-11-17T09:15:31ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-03-0112361210.3390/antibiotics12030612Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional StudyMohamed A. Hussain0Ahmed O. Mohamed1Omalhassan A. Abdelkarim2Bashir A. Yousef3Asma A. Babikir4Maysoon M. Mirghani5Entsar A. Mohamed6Wadah Osman7Ramzi A. Mothana8Rashid Elhag9Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa, Khartoum P.O. Box 2469, SudanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa, Khartoum P.O. Box 2469, SudanDepartment of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa, Khartoum P.O. Box 2469, SudanDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 1996, SudanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy Program, Al-Yarmouk College, Khartoum P.O. Box 11111, SudanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy Program, Al-Yarmouk College, Khartoum P.O. Box 11111, SudanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy Program, Al-Yarmouk College, Khartoum P.O. Box 11111, SudanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 1996, SudanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USABackground: Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is one of the common factors which precipitate antimicrobial resistance, yet if effective implementations are amended it can be effortlessly controlled. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and predictors of SMA in Sudan. Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional study design conducted in all Sudan states between June and December 2021. Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Binary logistic regression was computed to investigate the possible factors which associated with SMA. Results: Out of 1492 participants surveyed, 71.3% utilize antibiotics as self-medication. The derived reasons for SMA were convenience (63.3%) and cost-saving (34.8%). Tonsillitis was the most common ailment behind SMA (55.5%). Log-binominal regression revealed that non-insured and low level of education participants were more likely to predict SMA. Regarding the practice, 40% changed the dose and/or antibiotics mainly owing to improvement (53.7%) or worsening of the condition (37.9%). The most commonly used antibiotic was amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (32.5%). Conclusions: Two out of three individuals in Sudan practice SMA mainly to manage upper respiratory tract ailments. Thus, the necessity of implementing an antimicrobial stewardship program throughout the country, as well as implementing effective legislation to prohibit dispensing antibiotics without prescription is urgently required.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/612antibiotic self-medicationSudanantimicrobial resistance |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed A. Hussain Ahmed O. Mohamed Omalhassan A. Abdelkarim Bashir A. Yousef Asma A. Babikir Maysoon M. Mirghani Entsar A. Mohamed Wadah Osman Ramzi A. Mothana Rashid Elhag Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study Antibiotics antibiotic self-medication Sudan antimicrobial resistance |
| title | Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full | Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_short | Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_sort | prevalence and predictors of antibiotic self medication in sudan a descriptive cross sectional study |
| topic | antibiotic self-medication Sudan antimicrobial resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/612 |
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