Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commercialized nanomaterials and presumed to be biocompatible based on the biological effects of the bulk material. However, their physico-chemical properties differ significantly to the bulk materials and are associated with unique biological properties. Th...
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1799 |
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| author | Adewale O. Fadaka Samantha Meyer Omnia Ahmed Greta Geerts Madimabe A. Madiehe Mervin Meyer Nicole R. S. Sibuyi |
| author_facet | Adewale O. Fadaka Samantha Meyer Omnia Ahmed Greta Geerts Madimabe A. Madiehe Mervin Meyer Nicole R. S. Sibuyi |
| author_sort | Adewale O. Fadaka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commercialized nanomaterials and presumed to be biocompatible based on the biological effects of the bulk material. However, their physico-chemical properties differ significantly to the bulk materials and are associated with unique biological properties. The study investigated the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of AgNPs synthesized using gum arabic (GA), sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>), and their combination as reducing agents. The AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The anti-bacterial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion and microdilution assays, and the cytotoxicity effects on Caco-2, HT-29 and KMST-6 cells using MTT assay. The GA-synthesized AgNPs (GA-AgNPs) demonstrated higher bactericidal activity against all bacteria, and non-selective cytotoxicity towards normal and cancer cells. AgNPs reduced by NaBH<sub>4</sub> (C-AgNPs) and the combination of GA and NaBH<sub>4</sub> (GAC-AgNPs) had insignificant anti-bacterial activity and cytotoxicity at ≥50 µg/mL. The study showed that despite the notion that AgNPs are safe and biocompatible, their toxicity cannot be overruled and that their toxicity can be channeled by using biocompatible polymers, thereby providing a therapeutic window at concentrations that are least harmful to mammalian cells but toxic to bacteria. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:44:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a4201c2721ff4148be04fbf77d1c75ec |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:44:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a4201c2721ff4148be04fbf77d1c75ec2023-11-23T16:46:44ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-02-01233179910.3390/ijms23031799Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver NanoparticlesAdewale O. Fadaka0Samantha Meyer1Omnia Ahmed2Greta Geerts3Madimabe A. Madiehe4Mervin Meyer5Nicole R. S. Sibuyi6Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South AfricaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South AfricaDepartment of Restorative Dentistry; University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South AfricaDepartment of Restorative Dentistry; University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South AfricaDepartment of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South AfricaDepartment of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South AfricaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South AfricaSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commercialized nanomaterials and presumed to be biocompatible based on the biological effects of the bulk material. However, their physico-chemical properties differ significantly to the bulk materials and are associated with unique biological properties. The study investigated the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of AgNPs synthesized using gum arabic (GA), sodium borohydride (NaBH<sub>4</sub>), and their combination as reducing agents. The AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The anti-bacterial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion and microdilution assays, and the cytotoxicity effects on Caco-2, HT-29 and KMST-6 cells using MTT assay. The GA-synthesized AgNPs (GA-AgNPs) demonstrated higher bactericidal activity against all bacteria, and non-selective cytotoxicity towards normal and cancer cells. AgNPs reduced by NaBH<sub>4</sub> (C-AgNPs) and the combination of GA and NaBH<sub>4</sub> (GAC-AgNPs) had insignificant anti-bacterial activity and cytotoxicity at ≥50 µg/mL. The study showed that despite the notion that AgNPs are safe and biocompatible, their toxicity cannot be overruled and that their toxicity can be channeled by using biocompatible polymers, thereby providing a therapeutic window at concentrations that are least harmful to mammalian cells but toxic to bacteria.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1799anti-bacteriacytotoxicitygreen synthesisgum arabicsilver nanoparticles |
| spellingShingle | Adewale O. Fadaka Samantha Meyer Omnia Ahmed Greta Geerts Madimabe A. Madiehe Mervin Meyer Nicole R. S. Sibuyi Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles International Journal of Molecular Sciences anti-bacteria cytotoxicity green synthesis gum arabic silver nanoparticles |
| title | Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles |
| title_full | Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles |
| title_fullStr | Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles |
| title_short | Broad Spectrum Anti-Bacterial Activity and Non-Selective Toxicity of Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles |
| title_sort | broad spectrum anti bacterial activity and non selective toxicity of gum arabic silver nanoparticles |
| topic | anti-bacteria cytotoxicity green synthesis gum arabic silver nanoparticles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1799 |
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