Eco-Friendly Starch Composite Supramolecular Alginate–Ca<sup>2+</sup> Hydrogel as Controlled-Release P Fertilizer with Low Responsiveness to Multiple Environmental Stimuli
Environmentally friendly fertilizers (EFFs) have been developed to improve fertilizer efficiency and minimize adverse environmental impacts, but their release behavior under various environmental conditions has been less explored. Using phosphorus (P) in the form of phosphate as a model nutrient, we...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Gels |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/3/204 |
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| author | Supattra Tiamwong Pratchayaporn Yukhajon Pittayagorn Noisong Maliwan Subsadsana Sira Sansuk |
| author_facet | Supattra Tiamwong Pratchayaporn Yukhajon Pittayagorn Noisong Maliwan Subsadsana Sira Sansuk |
| author_sort | Supattra Tiamwong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Environmentally friendly fertilizers (EFFs) have been developed to improve fertilizer efficiency and minimize adverse environmental impacts, but their release behavior under various environmental conditions has been less explored. Using phosphorus (P) in the form of phosphate as a model nutrient, we present a simple method for preparing EFFs based on incorporating the nutrient into polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogels using <i>Cassava</i> starch in the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-induced cross-link gelation of alginate. The optimal conditions for creating these starch-regulated phosphate hydrogel beads (s-PHBs) were determined, and their release characteristics were initially evaluated in deionized water and then under various environmental stimuli, including pH, temperature, ionic strength, and water hardness. We found that incorporating a starch composite in s-PHBs at pH = 5 resulted in a rough but rigid surface and improved their physical and thermal stability, compared with phosphate hydrogel beads without starch (PHBs), due to the dense hydrogen bonding-supramolecular networks. Additionally, the s-PHBs showed controlled phosphate-release kinetics, following a parabolic diffusion with reduced initial burst effects. Importantly, the developed s-PHBs exhibited a promising low responsiveness to environmental stimuli for phosphate release even under extreme conditions and when tested in rice field water samples, suggesting their potential as a universally effective option for large-scale agricultural activities and potential value for commercial production. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:30:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a42367eb1d6243b4ac230ca011758f88 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2310-2861 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:30:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Gels |
| spelling | doaj.art-a42367eb1d6243b4ac230ca011758f882023-11-17T11:14:43ZengMDPI AGGels2310-28612023-03-019320410.3390/gels9030204Eco-Friendly Starch Composite Supramolecular Alginate–Ca<sup>2+</sup> Hydrogel as Controlled-Release P Fertilizer with Low Responsiveness to Multiple Environmental StimuliSupattra Tiamwong0Pratchayaporn Yukhajon1Pittayagorn Noisong2Maliwan Subsadsana3Sira Sansuk4Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandMaterials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandMaterials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandProgram of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, ThailandMaterials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandEnvironmentally friendly fertilizers (EFFs) have been developed to improve fertilizer efficiency and minimize adverse environmental impacts, but their release behavior under various environmental conditions has been less explored. Using phosphorus (P) in the form of phosphate as a model nutrient, we present a simple method for preparing EFFs based on incorporating the nutrient into polysaccharide supramolecular hydrogels using <i>Cassava</i> starch in the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-induced cross-link gelation of alginate. The optimal conditions for creating these starch-regulated phosphate hydrogel beads (s-PHBs) were determined, and their release characteristics were initially evaluated in deionized water and then under various environmental stimuli, including pH, temperature, ionic strength, and water hardness. We found that incorporating a starch composite in s-PHBs at pH = 5 resulted in a rough but rigid surface and improved their physical and thermal stability, compared with phosphate hydrogel beads without starch (PHBs), due to the dense hydrogen bonding-supramolecular networks. Additionally, the s-PHBs showed controlled phosphate-release kinetics, following a parabolic diffusion with reduced initial burst effects. Importantly, the developed s-PHBs exhibited a promising low responsiveness to environmental stimuli for phosphate release even under extreme conditions and when tested in rice field water samples, suggesting their potential as a universally effective option for large-scale agricultural activities and potential value for commercial production.https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/3/204supramolecular hydrogelphosphatepolysaccharidestarchstimuli responsiveness |
| spellingShingle | Supattra Tiamwong Pratchayaporn Yukhajon Pittayagorn Noisong Maliwan Subsadsana Sira Sansuk Eco-Friendly Starch Composite Supramolecular Alginate–Ca<sup>2+</sup> Hydrogel as Controlled-Release P Fertilizer with Low Responsiveness to Multiple Environmental Stimuli Gels supramolecular hydrogel phosphate polysaccharide starch stimuli responsiveness |
| title | Eco-Friendly Starch Composite Supramolecular Alginate–Ca<sup>2+</sup> Hydrogel as Controlled-Release P Fertilizer with Low Responsiveness to Multiple Environmental Stimuli |
| title_full | Eco-Friendly Starch Composite Supramolecular Alginate–Ca<sup>2+</sup> Hydrogel as Controlled-Release P Fertilizer with Low Responsiveness to Multiple Environmental Stimuli |
| title_fullStr | Eco-Friendly Starch Composite Supramolecular Alginate–Ca<sup>2+</sup> Hydrogel as Controlled-Release P Fertilizer with Low Responsiveness to Multiple Environmental Stimuli |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eco-Friendly Starch Composite Supramolecular Alginate–Ca<sup>2+</sup> Hydrogel as Controlled-Release P Fertilizer with Low Responsiveness to Multiple Environmental Stimuli |
| title_short | Eco-Friendly Starch Composite Supramolecular Alginate–Ca<sup>2+</sup> Hydrogel as Controlled-Release P Fertilizer with Low Responsiveness to Multiple Environmental Stimuli |
| title_sort | eco friendly starch composite supramolecular alginate ca sup 2 sup hydrogel as controlled release p fertilizer with low responsiveness to multiple environmental stimuli |
| topic | supramolecular hydrogel phosphate polysaccharide starch stimuli responsiveness |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/3/204 |
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