The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by commonly used devices became an issue for public health because of their harmful effects. Notably, 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation exposure has been associated with DNA damage and alterations in the central nervous system. We here investigated the effects of 2...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3129 |
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| author | Maria Paola Bertuccio Giuseppe Acri Riccardo Ientile Daniela Caccamo Monica Currò |
| author_facet | Maria Paola Bertuccio Giuseppe Acri Riccardo Ientile Daniela Caccamo Monica Currò |
| author_sort | Maria Paola Bertuccio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Electromagnetic radiation emitted by commonly used devices became an issue for public health because of their harmful effects. Notably, 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation exposure has been associated with DNA damage and alterations in the central nervous system. We here investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation on cell redox status by using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which were differentiated to neuronal-like cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were exposed to an antenna emitting 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation for 2, 24, and 48 h. We evaluated cell viability and mitochondrial activity alterations by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), NAD+/NADH ratio, mitochondrial transcription factor A (<i>mtTFA</i>), and superoxide dismutase 1 (<i>SOD1</i>) gene transcript levels. We also investigated apoptosis and autophagy, evaluating B-cell lymphoma 2 (<i>BCL2</i>), BCL2-associated X protein (<i>BAX</i>), and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (<i>LC3</i>) gene transcript levels. Cell viability was significantly reduced after 24–48 h of exposure to radiation. ROS levels significantly increased in radiation-exposed cells, compared with controls at all exposure times. ΔΨm values decreased after 2 and 24 h in exposed SH-SY5Y cells, while in PBMCs, values decreased soon after 2 h of exposure. Alterations were also found in the NAD+/NADH ratio, <i>mtTFA</i>, <i>SOD1</i>, <i>LC3</i> gene expression, and <i>BAX/BCL2</i> ratio. Our results showed that neuron-like cells are more prone to developing oxidative stress than PBMCs after 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation exposure, activating an early antioxidant defense response. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:58:53Z |
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| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:58:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-a4c91278008a449d8125c71f1f6e1c8e2023-12-22T13:54:44ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-11-011112312910.3390/biomedicines11123129The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear CellsMaria Paola Bertuccio0Giuseppe Acri1Riccardo Ientile2Daniela Caccamo3Monica Currò4Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, ItalyElectromagnetic radiation emitted by commonly used devices became an issue for public health because of their harmful effects. Notably, 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation exposure has been associated with DNA damage and alterations in the central nervous system. We here investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation on cell redox status by using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which were differentiated to neuronal-like cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were exposed to an antenna emitting 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation for 2, 24, and 48 h. We evaluated cell viability and mitochondrial activity alterations by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), NAD+/NADH ratio, mitochondrial transcription factor A (<i>mtTFA</i>), and superoxide dismutase 1 (<i>SOD1</i>) gene transcript levels. We also investigated apoptosis and autophagy, evaluating B-cell lymphoma 2 (<i>BCL2</i>), BCL2-associated X protein (<i>BAX</i>), and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (<i>LC3</i>) gene transcript levels. Cell viability was significantly reduced after 24–48 h of exposure to radiation. ROS levels significantly increased in radiation-exposed cells, compared with controls at all exposure times. ΔΨm values decreased after 2 and 24 h in exposed SH-SY5Y cells, while in PBMCs, values decreased soon after 2 h of exposure. Alterations were also found in the NAD+/NADH ratio, <i>mtTFA</i>, <i>SOD1</i>, <i>LC3</i> gene expression, and <i>BAX/BCL2</i> ratio. Our results showed that neuron-like cells are more prone to developing oxidative stress than PBMCs after 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation exposure, activating an early antioxidant defense response.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3129electromagnetic radiationoxidative stressmitochondrial activityneuronal-like cellsperipheral blood mononuclear cells |
| spellingShingle | Maria Paola Bertuccio Giuseppe Acri Riccardo Ientile Daniela Caccamo Monica Currò The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Biomedicines electromagnetic radiation oxidative stress mitochondrial activity neuronal-like cells peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
| title | The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells |
| title_full | The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells |
| title_fullStr | The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells |
| title_short | The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells |
| title_sort | exposure to 2 45 ghz electromagnetic radiation induced different cell responses in neuron like cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
| topic | electromagnetic radiation oxidative stress mitochondrial activity neuronal-like cells peripheral blood mononuclear cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3129 |
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