Grapefruit Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Varying Planting Densities, Fertilizer Concentrations and Application Methods
Huanglongbing (HLB) disease has caused a severe decline in citrus production globally over the past decade. There is a need for improved nutrient regimens to better manage the productivity of HLB-affected trees, as current guidelines are based on healthy trees. The aim of this study was to evaluate...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/8/1659 |
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| author | John M. Santiago Davie M. Kadyampakeni John-Paul Fox Alan L. Wright Sandra M. Guzmán Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi Lorenzo Rossi |
| author_facet | John M. Santiago Davie M. Kadyampakeni John-Paul Fox Alan L. Wright Sandra M. Guzmán Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi Lorenzo Rossi |
| author_sort | John M. Santiago |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Huanglongbing (HLB) disease has caused a severe decline in citrus production globally over the past decade. There is a need for improved nutrient regimens to better manage the productivity of HLB-affected trees, as current guidelines are based on healthy trees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different fertilizer application methods and rates with different planting densities on HLB-affected citrus root and soil health. Plant material consisted of ‘Ray Ruby’ (<i>Citrus × paradisi</i>) grapefruit trees grafted on ‘Kuharske’ citrange (<i>Citrus × sinensis × Citrus trifoliata</i>). The study consisted of 4 foliar fertilizer treatments, which included 0×, 1.5×, 3× and 6× the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agriculture (UF/IFAS) recommended guidelines for B, Mn and Zn. Additionally, 2 ground-applied fertilizer treatments were used, specifically controlled-release fertilizer (CRF1): 12−3−14 + B, Fe, Mn and Zn micronutrients at 1× UF/IFAS recommendation, and (CRF2): 12−3−14 + 2× Mg + 3× B, Fe, Mn and Zn micronutrients, with micronutrients applied as sulfur-coated products. The planting densities implemented were low (300 trees ha<sup>−1</sup>), medium (440 trees ha<sup>−1</sup>) and high (975 trees ha<sup>−1</sup>). The CRF fertilizer resulted in greater soil nutrient concentrations through all of the time sampling points, with significant differences in soil Zn and Mn. Grapefruit treated with ground-applied CRF2 and 3× foliar fertilizers resulted in the greatest bacterial alpha and beta diversity in the rhizosphere. Significantly greater abundances of Rhizobiales and Vicinamibacterales were found in the grapefruit rhizosphere of trees treated with 0× UF/IFAS foliar fertilizer compared to higher doses of foliar fertilizers. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:36:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a4dd2a691ff849bcbe0d8a7872b2a2d32023-11-17T20:59:51ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-04-01128165910.3390/plants12081659Grapefruit Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Varying Planting Densities, Fertilizer Concentrations and Application MethodsJohn M. Santiago0Davie M. Kadyampakeni1John-Paul Fox2Alan L. Wright3Sandra M. Guzmán4Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi5Lorenzo Rossi6Indian River Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USACitrus Research and Education Center, Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USAIndian River Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USAIndian River Research and Education Center, Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USAIndian River Research and Education Center, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USADepartment of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USAIndian River Research and Education Center, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USAHuanglongbing (HLB) disease has caused a severe decline in citrus production globally over the past decade. There is a need for improved nutrient regimens to better manage the productivity of HLB-affected trees, as current guidelines are based on healthy trees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different fertilizer application methods and rates with different planting densities on HLB-affected citrus root and soil health. Plant material consisted of ‘Ray Ruby’ (<i>Citrus × paradisi</i>) grapefruit trees grafted on ‘Kuharske’ citrange (<i>Citrus × sinensis × Citrus trifoliata</i>). The study consisted of 4 foliar fertilizer treatments, which included 0×, 1.5×, 3× and 6× the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agriculture (UF/IFAS) recommended guidelines for B, Mn and Zn. Additionally, 2 ground-applied fertilizer treatments were used, specifically controlled-release fertilizer (CRF1): 12−3−14 + B, Fe, Mn and Zn micronutrients at 1× UF/IFAS recommendation, and (CRF2): 12−3−14 + 2× Mg + 3× B, Fe, Mn and Zn micronutrients, with micronutrients applied as sulfur-coated products. The planting densities implemented were low (300 trees ha<sup>−1</sup>), medium (440 trees ha<sup>−1</sup>) and high (975 trees ha<sup>−1</sup>). The CRF fertilizer resulted in greater soil nutrient concentrations through all of the time sampling points, with significant differences in soil Zn and Mn. Grapefruit treated with ground-applied CRF2 and 3× foliar fertilizers resulted in the greatest bacterial alpha and beta diversity in the rhizosphere. Significantly greater abundances of Rhizobiales and Vicinamibacterales were found in the grapefruit rhizosphere of trees treated with 0× UF/IFAS foliar fertilizer compared to higher doses of foliar fertilizers.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/8/1659citrus greening<i>Citrus paradisi</i>flatwoodsplant nutritionrhizosphere |
| spellingShingle | John M. Santiago Davie M. Kadyampakeni John-Paul Fox Alan L. Wright Sandra M. Guzmán Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi Lorenzo Rossi Grapefruit Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Varying Planting Densities, Fertilizer Concentrations and Application Methods Plants citrus greening <i>Citrus paradisi</i> flatwoods plant nutrition rhizosphere |
| title | Grapefruit Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Varying Planting Densities, Fertilizer Concentrations and Application Methods |
| title_full | Grapefruit Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Varying Planting Densities, Fertilizer Concentrations and Application Methods |
| title_fullStr | Grapefruit Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Varying Planting Densities, Fertilizer Concentrations and Application Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Grapefruit Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Varying Planting Densities, Fertilizer Concentrations and Application Methods |
| title_short | Grapefruit Root and Rhizosphere Responses to Varying Planting Densities, Fertilizer Concentrations and Application Methods |
| title_sort | grapefruit root and rhizosphere responses to varying planting densities fertilizer concentrations and application methods |
| topic | citrus greening <i>Citrus paradisi</i> flatwoods plant nutrition rhizosphere |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/8/1659 |
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