Experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread.
Spotting is thought to increase wildfire rate of spread (ROS) and in some cases become the main mechanism for spread. The role of spotting in wildfire spread is controlled by many factors including fire intensity, number of and distance between spot fires, weather, fuel characteristics and topograph...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2021-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245132 |
| _version_ | 1818348529141153792 |
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| author | Michael Anthony Storey Owen F Price Miguel Almeida Carlos Ribeiro Ross A Bradstock Jason J Sharples |
| author_facet | Michael Anthony Storey Owen F Price Miguel Almeida Carlos Ribeiro Ross A Bradstock Jason J Sharples |
| author_sort | Michael Anthony Storey |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spotting is thought to increase wildfire rate of spread (ROS) and in some cases become the main mechanism for spread. The role of spotting in wildfire spread is controlled by many factors including fire intensity, number of and distance between spot fires, weather, fuel characteristics and topography. Through a set of 30 laboratory fire experiments on a 3 m x 4 m fuel bed, subject to air flow, we explored the influence of manually ignited spot fires (0, 1 or 2), the presence or absence of a model hill and their interaction on combined fire ROS (i.e. ROS incorporating main fire and merged spot fires). During experiments conducted on a flat fuel bed, spot fires (whether 1 or 2) had only a small influence on combined ROS. Slowest combined ROS was recorded when a hill was present and no spot fires were ignited, because the fires crept very slowly downslope and downwind of the hill. This was up to, depending on measurement interval, 5 times slower than ROS in the flat fuel bed experiments. However, ignition of 1 or 2 spot fires (with hill present) greatly increased combined ROS to similar levels as those recorded in the flat fuel bed experiments (depending on spread interval). The effect was strongest on the head fire, where spot fires merged directly with the main fire, but significant increases in off-centre ROS were also detected. Our findings suggest that under certain topographic conditions, spot fires can allow a fire to overcome the low spread potential of downslopes. Current models may underestimate wildfire ROS and fire arrival time in hilly terrain if the influence of spot fires on ROS is not incorporated into predictions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T17:51:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a4fdf0e2059a4a278d5300a3bdba6bb9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T17:51:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-a4fdf0e2059a4a278d5300a3bdba6bb92022-12-21T23:36:30ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032021-01-01161e024513210.1371/journal.pone.0245132Experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread.Michael Anthony StoreyOwen F PriceMiguel AlmeidaCarlos RibeiroRoss A BradstockJason J SharplesSpotting is thought to increase wildfire rate of spread (ROS) and in some cases become the main mechanism for spread. The role of spotting in wildfire spread is controlled by many factors including fire intensity, number of and distance between spot fires, weather, fuel characteristics and topography. Through a set of 30 laboratory fire experiments on a 3 m x 4 m fuel bed, subject to air flow, we explored the influence of manually ignited spot fires (0, 1 or 2), the presence or absence of a model hill and their interaction on combined fire ROS (i.e. ROS incorporating main fire and merged spot fires). During experiments conducted on a flat fuel bed, spot fires (whether 1 or 2) had only a small influence on combined ROS. Slowest combined ROS was recorded when a hill was present and no spot fires were ignited, because the fires crept very slowly downslope and downwind of the hill. This was up to, depending on measurement interval, 5 times slower than ROS in the flat fuel bed experiments. However, ignition of 1 or 2 spot fires (with hill present) greatly increased combined ROS to similar levels as those recorded in the flat fuel bed experiments (depending on spread interval). The effect was strongest on the head fire, where spot fires merged directly with the main fire, but significant increases in off-centre ROS were also detected. Our findings suggest that under certain topographic conditions, spot fires can allow a fire to overcome the low spread potential of downslopes. Current models may underestimate wildfire ROS and fire arrival time in hilly terrain if the influence of spot fires on ROS is not incorporated into predictions.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245132 |
| spellingShingle | Michael Anthony Storey Owen F Price Miguel Almeida Carlos Ribeiro Ross A Bradstock Jason J Sharples Experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread. PLoS ONE |
| title | Experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread. |
| title_full | Experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread. |
| title_fullStr | Experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread. |
| title_short | Experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread. |
| title_sort | experiments on the influence of spot fire and topography interaction on fire rate of spread |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245132 |
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