Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams
We investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite (EG) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) on the flammability, thermal stability, mechanical properties, physical, and chemical structure of viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEF). For this purpose, the polyurethane foams containing EG...
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2021-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/7/1801 |
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| author | Rafał Oliwa Joanna Ryszkowska Mariusz Oleksy Monika Auguścik-Królikowska Małgorzata Gzik Joanna Bartoń Grzegorz Budzik |
| author_facet | Rafał Oliwa Joanna Ryszkowska Mariusz Oleksy Monika Auguścik-Królikowska Małgorzata Gzik Joanna Bartoń Grzegorz Budzik |
| author_sort | Rafał Oliwa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite (EG) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) on the flammability, thermal stability, mechanical properties, physical, and chemical structure of viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEF). For this purpose, the polyurethane foams containing EG, BCP, and EG with BCP were obtained. The content of EG varied in the range of 3–15 per hundred polyols (php), while the BCP content was 30 php. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the additional introduction of BCPs into EG-containing composites allows for an additive effect in improving the functional properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams. As a result, the composite containing 30 php of BCP and 15 php of EG with the largest particle size and expanded volume shows the largest change in the studied parameters (hardness (H) = 2.65 kPa (+16.2%), limiting oxygen index (LOI) = 26% (+44.4%), and peak heat release rate (pHRR) = 15.5 kW/m<sup>2</sup> (−87.4%)). In addition, this composite was characterized by the highest char yield (m<sub>600</sub> = 17.9% (+44.1%)). In turn, the change in mechanical properties is related to a change in the physical and chemical structure of the foams as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. |
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| id | doaj.art-a52c63ef57c34c7cb81dffcc323743e4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:35:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
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| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-a52c63ef57c34c7cb81dffcc323743e42023-11-21T14:19:56ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-04-01147180110.3390/ma14071801Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane FoamsRafał Oliwa0Joanna Ryszkowska1Mariusz Oleksy2Monika Auguścik-Królikowska3Małgorzata Gzik4Joanna Bartoń5Grzegorz Budzik6Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, PolandDepartment of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, PolandDepartment of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, PolandWe investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite (EG) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) on the flammability, thermal stability, mechanical properties, physical, and chemical structure of viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEF). For this purpose, the polyurethane foams containing EG, BCP, and EG with BCP were obtained. The content of EG varied in the range of 3–15 per hundred polyols (php), while the BCP content was 30 php. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the additional introduction of BCPs into EG-containing composites allows for an additive effect in improving the functional properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams. As a result, the composite containing 30 php of BCP and 15 php of EG with the largest particle size and expanded volume shows the largest change in the studied parameters (hardness (H) = 2.65 kPa (+16.2%), limiting oxygen index (LOI) = 26% (+44.4%), and peak heat release rate (pHRR) = 15.5 kW/m<sup>2</sup> (−87.4%)). In addition, this composite was characterized by the highest char yield (m<sub>600</sub> = 17.9% (+44.1%)). In turn, the change in mechanical properties is related to a change in the physical and chemical structure of the foams as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/7/1801polyurethanesgraphitenatural fillerflame resistantthermal stabilitymechanical properties |
| spellingShingle | Rafał Oliwa Joanna Ryszkowska Mariusz Oleksy Monika Auguścik-Królikowska Małgorzata Gzik Joanna Bartoń Grzegorz Budzik Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams Materials polyurethanes graphite natural filler flame resistant thermal stability mechanical properties |
| title | Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams |
| title_full | Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams |
| title_short | Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams |
| title_sort | effects of various types of expandable graphite and blackcurrant pomace on the properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams |
| topic | polyurethanes graphite natural filler flame resistant thermal stability mechanical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/7/1801 |
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