Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Polymers Programmed below Glass Transition Temperature
An epoxy-based shape memory polymer (SMP) is synthesized and examined for its deterioration in shape fixity due to springback and isothermal viscoelastic recovery at different ambient temperatures. Shape fixity depends not only on material properties but also on programming conditions. A constitutiv...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/13/2753 |
| _version_ | 1797408321402044416 |
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| author | Kartikey Shahi Velmurugan Ramachandran |
| author_facet | Kartikey Shahi Velmurugan Ramachandran |
| author_sort | Kartikey Shahi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An epoxy-based shape memory polymer (SMP) is synthesized and examined for its deterioration in shape fixity due to springback and isothermal viscoelastic recovery at different ambient temperatures. Shape fixity depends not only on material properties but also on programming conditions. A constitutive finite deformation model is incorporated to predict the behavior of the proposed SMP and find maximum shape fixity. A programming approach is followed in which, in contrast to hot programming, the SMPs are neither heated before deformation nor cooled afterward but are deformed at ambient temperature and then stress-relaxed. The proximity of the programming temperature to the glass transition temperature plays a crucial role in determining the shape fixity of SMP. It has been found that the SMP with a glass transition temperature of 42.9 °C can achieve maximum shape fixity of 92.25% when programmed at 23 °C with 100 min stress relaxation time. Thermal contraction and dynamic tests are performed in the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) to determine structural relaxation properties and distinguish the programming temperature in the cold, warm or hot temperature zone. The shape memory tests are carried out using temperature-controlled UTM to determine the shape fixity and shape recovery of SMP. The SMPs are subjected to a full thermomechanical cycle with different stress relaxation times and programming temperatures. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:56:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a53cb6d39fac4db3a6680df91dd45b17 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:56:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-a53cb6d39fac4db3a6680df91dd45b172023-12-03T14:19:29ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-07-011413275310.3390/polym14132753Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Polymers Programmed below Glass Transition TemperatureKartikey Shahi0Velmurugan Ramachandran1Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, IndiaDepartment of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, IndiaAn epoxy-based shape memory polymer (SMP) is synthesized and examined for its deterioration in shape fixity due to springback and isothermal viscoelastic recovery at different ambient temperatures. Shape fixity depends not only on material properties but also on programming conditions. A constitutive finite deformation model is incorporated to predict the behavior of the proposed SMP and find maximum shape fixity. A programming approach is followed in which, in contrast to hot programming, the SMPs are neither heated before deformation nor cooled afterward but are deformed at ambient temperature and then stress-relaxed. The proximity of the programming temperature to the glass transition temperature plays a crucial role in determining the shape fixity of SMP. It has been found that the SMP with a glass transition temperature of 42.9 °C can achieve maximum shape fixity of 92.25% when programmed at 23 °C with 100 min stress relaxation time. Thermal contraction and dynamic tests are performed in the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) to determine structural relaxation properties and distinguish the programming temperature in the cold, warm or hot temperature zone. The shape memory tests are carried out using temperature-controlled UTM to determine the shape fixity and shape recovery of SMP. The SMPs are subjected to a full thermomechanical cycle with different stress relaxation times and programming temperatures.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/13/2753shape memory polymerssmart materialslarge deformationconstitutive modelingcold programming |
| spellingShingle | Kartikey Shahi Velmurugan Ramachandran Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Polymers Programmed below Glass Transition Temperature Polymers shape memory polymers smart materials large deformation constitutive modeling cold programming |
| title | Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Polymers Programmed below Glass Transition Temperature |
| title_full | Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Polymers Programmed below Glass Transition Temperature |
| title_fullStr | Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Polymers Programmed below Glass Transition Temperature |
| title_full_unstemmed | Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Polymers Programmed below Glass Transition Temperature |
| title_short | Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Shape Memory Polymers Programmed below Glass Transition Temperature |
| title_sort | theoretical and experimental investigation of shape memory polymers programmed below glass transition temperature |
| topic | shape memory polymers smart materials large deformation constitutive modeling cold programming |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/13/2753 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kartikeyshahi theoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationofshapememorypolymersprogrammedbelowglasstransitiontemperature AT velmuruganramachandran theoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationofshapememorypolymersprogrammedbelowglasstransitiontemperature |