Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
Melamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine exposure using data from 478 US...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/12/3844 |
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| author | Melissa M. Melough Deborah Foster Amanda M. Fretts Sheela Sathyanarayana |
| author_facet | Melissa M. Melough Deborah Foster Amanda M. Fretts Sheela Sathyanarayana |
| author_sort | Melissa M. Melough |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Melamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine exposure using data from 478 US adults and children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Melamine concentrations were measured in spot urine samples. Dietary recalls were used to collect dietary data from the day preceding urine collection. Melamine was detectable (>0.09 ng/mL) in 76.2% of the participants’ urine. The geometric mean urinary melamine was 11.563 µg/g of creatinine (standard error (SE): 1.235). In adjusted linear regression models, each additional ounce of processed meats or whole grains was associated with 10.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7, 19.0; <i>p</i> = 0.007) or 17.4% (95% CI: 4.7, 31.7; <i>p</i> = 0.006) greater creatinine-adjusted melamine concentrations, respectively. A dietary pattern characterized by high fruit, whole grain, milk, and yogurt intake was positively associated with melamine exposure. In conclusion, processed meats, whole grains, and possibly other plant-based foods may be important melamine sources in the US. Future research should confirm these findings using more recent data and examine the potential health risks of chronic low-level melamine exposure. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:02:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a5551a47ef83460482637981897844da |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:02:16Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-a5551a47ef83460482637981897844da2023-11-21T01:04:09ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-12-011212384410.3390/nu12123844Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004Melissa M. Melough0Deborah Foster1Amanda M. Fretts2Sheela Sathyanarayana3Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USADepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USADepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USADepartment of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USAMelamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine exposure using data from 478 US adults and children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Melamine concentrations were measured in spot urine samples. Dietary recalls were used to collect dietary data from the day preceding urine collection. Melamine was detectable (>0.09 ng/mL) in 76.2% of the participants’ urine. The geometric mean urinary melamine was 11.563 µg/g of creatinine (standard error (SE): 1.235). In adjusted linear regression models, each additional ounce of processed meats or whole grains was associated with 10.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7, 19.0; <i>p</i> = 0.007) or 17.4% (95% CI: 4.7, 31.7; <i>p</i> = 0.006) greater creatinine-adjusted melamine concentrations, respectively. A dietary pattern characterized by high fruit, whole grain, milk, and yogurt intake was positively associated with melamine exposure. In conclusion, processed meats, whole grains, and possibly other plant-based foods may be important melamine sources in the US. Future research should confirm these findings using more recent data and examine the potential health risks of chronic low-level melamine exposure.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/12/3844melaminedietestimated daily intake |
| spellingShingle | Melissa M. Melough Deborah Foster Amanda M. Fretts Sheela Sathyanarayana Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 Nutrients melamine diet estimated daily intake |
| title | Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 |
| title_full | Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 |
| title_fullStr | Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 |
| title_short | Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004 |
| title_sort | dietary sources of melamine exposure among us children and adults in the national health and nutrition examination survey 2003 2004 |
| topic | melamine diet estimated daily intake |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/12/3844 |
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