A Method Detecting Student’s Flow Construct during School Tests through Electroencephalograms (EEGs): Factors of Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and Performance
This study gathers and examines information about the flow state’s emergence during tests and its factors using an electroencephalogram (EEG) to establish a method and reveal an individual student’s flow construct. Through a single-case experimental design and 766 test items, multiple measurements w...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/23/12248 |
| _version_ | 1797463632926212096 |
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| author | Shu-Fen Wu Chieh-Hsin Kao Yu-Ling Lu Chi-Jui Lien |
| author_facet | Shu-Fen Wu Chieh-Hsin Kao Yu-Ling Lu Chi-Jui Lien |
| author_sort | Shu-Fen Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study gathers and examines information about the flow state’s emergence during tests and its factors using an electroencephalogram (EEG) to establish a method and reveal an individual student’s flow construct. Through a single-case experimental design and 766 test items, multiple measurements were performed on a 14-year-old junior high school science-gifted student. During the test, self-efficacy, item difficulty, cognitive load, and test performance (long-term test performance [LT-tp] and short-term test performance [ST-tp]) were examined to establish the construct of EEG-detected, real-time flow states (EEG-Fs). Based on the chi-square test of independence results, the EEG-F had a significant correlation with the student’s cognitive load, self-efficacy, LT-tp, and item difficulty. Furthermore, a J48 decision tree analysis and logistic regression revealed four inhibiting and two inducing conditions affecting the emergence of EEG-Fs. The two inducing conditions included (1) high self-efficacy with a low cognitive load (odds ratio (OR) = 3.7) and (2) high cognitive load when combined with high self-efficacy and LT-tp for low-difficulty items (OR = 3.5). The established method and findings may help teaching designers or automated teaching applications detect the individual student’s flow construct to select appropriate test tasks accordingly, resulting in an optimal experience and better achievements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:53:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a5570a726d894554a18514037a4bd985 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:53:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a5570a726d894554a18514037a4bd9852023-11-24T10:33:24ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-11-0112231224810.3390/app122312248A Method Detecting Student’s Flow Construct during School Tests through Electroencephalograms (EEGs): Factors of Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and PerformanceShu-Fen Wu0Chieh-Hsin Kao1Yu-Ling Lu2Chi-Jui Lien3Department of Science Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei City 10671, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, TaiwanDepartment of Science Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei City 10671, TaiwanDepartment of Science Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei City 10671, TaiwanThis study gathers and examines information about the flow state’s emergence during tests and its factors using an electroencephalogram (EEG) to establish a method and reveal an individual student’s flow construct. Through a single-case experimental design and 766 test items, multiple measurements were performed on a 14-year-old junior high school science-gifted student. During the test, self-efficacy, item difficulty, cognitive load, and test performance (long-term test performance [LT-tp] and short-term test performance [ST-tp]) were examined to establish the construct of EEG-detected, real-time flow states (EEG-Fs). Based on the chi-square test of independence results, the EEG-F had a significant correlation with the student’s cognitive load, self-efficacy, LT-tp, and item difficulty. Furthermore, a J48 decision tree analysis and logistic regression revealed four inhibiting and two inducing conditions affecting the emergence of EEG-Fs. The two inducing conditions included (1) high self-efficacy with a low cognitive load (odds ratio (OR) = 3.7) and (2) high cognitive load when combined with high self-efficacy and LT-tp for low-difficulty items (OR = 3.5). The established method and findings may help teaching designers or automated teaching applications detect the individual student’s flow construct to select appropriate test tasks accordingly, resulting in an optimal experience and better achievements.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/23/12248cognitive loadelectroencephalogramtest item difficultyflow stateself-efficacy |
| spellingShingle | Shu-Fen Wu Chieh-Hsin Kao Yu-Ling Lu Chi-Jui Lien A Method Detecting Student’s Flow Construct during School Tests through Electroencephalograms (EEGs): Factors of Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and Performance Applied Sciences cognitive load electroencephalogram test item difficulty flow state self-efficacy |
| title | A Method Detecting Student’s Flow Construct during School Tests through Electroencephalograms (EEGs): Factors of Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and Performance |
| title_full | A Method Detecting Student’s Flow Construct during School Tests through Electroencephalograms (EEGs): Factors of Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and Performance |
| title_fullStr | A Method Detecting Student’s Flow Construct during School Tests through Electroencephalograms (EEGs): Factors of Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and Performance |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Method Detecting Student’s Flow Construct during School Tests through Electroencephalograms (EEGs): Factors of Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and Performance |
| title_short | A Method Detecting Student’s Flow Construct during School Tests through Electroencephalograms (EEGs): Factors of Cognitive Load, Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and Performance |
| title_sort | method detecting student s flow construct during school tests through electroencephalograms eegs factors of cognitive load self efficacy difficulty and performance |
| topic | cognitive load electroencephalogram test item difficulty flow state self-efficacy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/23/12248 |
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