Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules
The drying process is a significant step in the manufacturing process of enteric hard capsules, which affects the physical and chemical properties of the capsules. Thus, the drying characteristics of plant-based enteric hard capsules were investigated at a constant air velocity of 2 m/s in a bench s...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/3/335 |
| _version_ | 1827602931201867776 |
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| author | Chuqi He Haodong Wang Yucheng Yang Yayan Huang Xueqin Zhang Moses Arowo Jing Ye Na Zhang Meitian Xiao |
| author_facet | Chuqi He Haodong Wang Yucheng Yang Yayan Huang Xueqin Zhang Moses Arowo Jing Ye Na Zhang Meitian Xiao |
| author_sort | Chuqi He |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The drying process is a significant step in the manufacturing process of enteric hard capsules, which affects the physical and chemical properties of the capsules. Thus, the drying characteristics of plant-based enteric hard capsules were investigated at a constant air velocity of 2 m/s in a bench scale hot-air dryer under a temperature range of 25 to 45 °C and relative humidity of 40 to 80%. Results indicate that the drying process of the capsules mainly occur in a falling-rate period, implying that moisture transfer in the capsules is governed by internal moisture diffusion rate. High temperature and low relative humidity reduce drying time but increase the drying rate of the capsules. Investigation results of the mechanical properties and storage stability of the capsules, however, reveal that a fast drying rate leads to plant-based enteric hard capsules of low quality. Scanning electron microscopy further demonstrates that more layered cracks appear in capsules produced under a faster drying rate. The Page model yielded the best fit for describing thin-layer drying of the capsules based on the coefficient of determination and reduced chi-square. Moreover, it was established that the effective moisture diffusivity of the capsules increases with an increase in drying temperature or reduction in relative humidity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:28:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a55c71e91e114fdbb83b595983a20a38 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:28:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-a55c71e91e114fdbb83b595983a20a382023-12-03T12:34:58ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232021-03-0113333510.3390/pharmaceutics13030335Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard CapsulesChuqi He0Haodong Wang1Yucheng Yang2Yayan Huang3Xueqin Zhang4Moses Arowo5Jing Ye6Na Zhang7Meitian Xiao8College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaCollege of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaCollege of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaCollege of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaCollege of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaDepartment of Chemical & Process Engineering, Moi University, 3900-30100 Eldoret, KenyaCollege of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaCollege of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaCollege of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaThe drying process is a significant step in the manufacturing process of enteric hard capsules, which affects the physical and chemical properties of the capsules. Thus, the drying characteristics of plant-based enteric hard capsules were investigated at a constant air velocity of 2 m/s in a bench scale hot-air dryer under a temperature range of 25 to 45 °C and relative humidity of 40 to 80%. Results indicate that the drying process of the capsules mainly occur in a falling-rate period, implying that moisture transfer in the capsules is governed by internal moisture diffusion rate. High temperature and low relative humidity reduce drying time but increase the drying rate of the capsules. Investigation results of the mechanical properties and storage stability of the capsules, however, reveal that a fast drying rate leads to plant-based enteric hard capsules of low quality. Scanning electron microscopy further demonstrates that more layered cracks appear in capsules produced under a faster drying rate. The Page model yielded the best fit for describing thin-layer drying of the capsules based on the coefficient of determination and reduced chi-square. Moreover, it was established that the effective moisture diffusivity of the capsules increases with an increase in drying temperature or reduction in relative humidity.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/3/335plant-based enteric hard capsuleshot-air dryingdrying characteristicsmodeling |
| spellingShingle | Chuqi He Haodong Wang Yucheng Yang Yayan Huang Xueqin Zhang Moses Arowo Jing Ye Na Zhang Meitian Xiao Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules Pharmaceutics plant-based enteric hard capsules hot-air drying drying characteristics modeling |
| title | Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules |
| title_full | Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules |
| title_fullStr | Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules |
| title_full_unstemmed | Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules |
| title_short | Drying Behavior and Kinetics of Drying Process of Plant-Based Enteric Hard Capsules |
| title_sort | drying behavior and kinetics of drying process of plant based enteric hard capsules |
| topic | plant-based enteric hard capsules hot-air drying drying characteristics modeling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/3/335 |
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