PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It affects ~10% of the world’s population of children, and about 30–50% of those diagnosed in childhood continue to show ADHD symptoms later, with 2–5% of adults having the condit...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/11/3400 |
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| author | Gulce Ogruc Ildiz Ahmet Karadag Ersin Kaygisiz Rui Fausto |
| author_facet | Gulce Ogruc Ildiz Ahmet Karadag Ersin Kaygisiz Rui Fausto |
| author_sort | Gulce Ogruc Ildiz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It affects ~10% of the world’s population of children, and about 30–50% of those diagnosed in childhood continue to show ADHD symptoms later, with 2–5% of adults having the condition. Current diagnosis of ADHD is based on the clinical evaluation of the patient, and on interviews performed by clinicians with parents and teachers of the children, which, together with the fact that it shares common symptoms and frequent comorbidities with other neurodevelopmental disorders, makes the accurate and timely diagnosis of the disorder a difficult task. Despite the large effort to identify reliable biomarkers that can be used in a clinical environment to support clinical diagnosis, this goal has never been achieved hitherto. In the present study, infrared spectroscopy was used together with multivariate statistical methods (hierarchical clustering and partial least-squares discriminant analysis) to develop a model based on the spectra of blood serum samples that is able to distinguish ADHD patients from healthy individuals. The developed model used an approach where the whole infrared spectrum (in the 3700–900 cm<sup>−1</sup> range) was taken as a holistic imprint of the biochemical blood serum environment (spectroscopic biomarker), overcoming the need for the search of any particular chemical substance associated with the disorder (molecular biomarker). The developed model is based on a sensitive and reliable technique, which is cheap and fast, thus appearing promising to use as a complementary diagnostic tool in the clinical environment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:44:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a560efad641a414cbc67cc6f5cbdaa13 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:44:09Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-a560efad641a414cbc67cc6f5cbdaa132023-11-21T22:43:43ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-06-012611340010.3390/molecules26113400PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR SpectraGulce Ogruc Ildiz0Ahmet Karadag1Ersin Kaygisiz2Rui Fausto3Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Geological Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Chemistry, CQC, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, PortugalAttention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It affects ~10% of the world’s population of children, and about 30–50% of those diagnosed in childhood continue to show ADHD symptoms later, with 2–5% of adults having the condition. Current diagnosis of ADHD is based on the clinical evaluation of the patient, and on interviews performed by clinicians with parents and teachers of the children, which, together with the fact that it shares common symptoms and frequent comorbidities with other neurodevelopmental disorders, makes the accurate and timely diagnosis of the disorder a difficult task. Despite the large effort to identify reliable biomarkers that can be used in a clinical environment to support clinical diagnosis, this goal has never been achieved hitherto. In the present study, infrared spectroscopy was used together with multivariate statistical methods (hierarchical clustering and partial least-squares discriminant analysis) to develop a model based on the spectra of blood serum samples that is able to distinguish ADHD patients from healthy individuals. The developed model used an approach where the whole infrared spectrum (in the 3700–900 cm<sup>−1</sup> range) was taken as a holistic imprint of the biochemical blood serum environment (spectroscopic biomarker), overcoming the need for the search of any particular chemical substance associated with the disorder (molecular biomarker). The developed model is based on a sensitive and reliable technique, which is cheap and fast, thus appearing promising to use as a complementary diagnostic tool in the clinical environment.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/11/3400attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)FTIR spectroscopychemometricsPLS-DA |
| spellingShingle | Gulce Ogruc Ildiz Ahmet Karadag Ersin Kaygisiz Rui Fausto PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra Molecules attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) FTIR spectroscopy chemometrics PLS-DA |
| title | PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra |
| title_full | PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra |
| title_fullStr | PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra |
| title_full_unstemmed | PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra |
| title_short | PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra |
| title_sort | pls da model for the evaluation of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents through blood serum ftir spectra |
| topic | attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) FTIR spectroscopy chemometrics PLS-DA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/11/3400 |
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