Effects of the Structure of Benzenesulfonate-Based Draw Solutes on the Forward Osmosis Process
A series of phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) based on benzenesulfonate derivatives (tetrabutylphosphonium benzenesulfonate ([TBP][BS]), tetrabutylphosphonium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate ([TBP][MBS]), tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate ([TBP][DMBS]), and tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4,6-...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Membranes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/11/1067 |
| _version_ | 1797467332783636480 |
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| author | DaEun Yang Yeonsu Cho Hyo Kang |
| author_facet | DaEun Yang Yeonsu Cho Hyo Kang |
| author_sort | DaEun Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A series of phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) based on benzenesulfonate derivatives (tetrabutylphosphonium benzenesulfonate ([TBP][BS]), tetrabutylphosphonium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate ([TBP][MBS]), tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate ([TBP][DMBS]), and tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate ([TBP][TMBS])) were synthesized via anion exchange with tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([TBP][Br]). Then, we characterized the ILs and investigated their suitability as draw solutes for forward osmosis (FO), focusing on their thermoresponsive properties, conductivities, and osmotic pressures. We found that aqueous [TBP][BS] was not thermoresponsive, but 20 wt% aqueous [TBP][MBS], [TBP][DMBS], and [TBP][TMBS] had lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of approximately 41, 25, and 21 °C, respectively, enabling their easy recovery using waste heat. Based on these findings, 20 wt% aqueous [TBP][DMBS] was tested for its FO performance, and the water and reverse solute fluxes were found to be approximately 9.29 LMH and 1.37 gMH, respectively, in the active layer facing the draw solution (AL-DS) mode and 4.64 LMH and 0.37 gMH, respectively, in the active layer facing the feed solution (AL-FS) mode. Thus, these tetrabutylphosphonium benzenesulfonate-based LCST-type ILs are suitable for drawing solutes for FO process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:51:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a5776872c6cb48249f1181a9065e4269 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0375 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:51:06Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Membranes |
| spelling | doaj.art-a5776872c6cb48249f1181a9065e42692023-11-24T05:48:34ZengMDPI AGMembranes2077-03752022-10-011211106710.3390/membranes12111067Effects of the Structure of Benzenesulfonate-Based Draw Solutes on the Forward Osmosis ProcessDaEun Yang0Yeonsu Cho1Hyo Kang2BK-21 Four Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, KoreaBK-21 Four Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, KoreaBK-21 Four Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, KoreaA series of phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) based on benzenesulfonate derivatives (tetrabutylphosphonium benzenesulfonate ([TBP][BS]), tetrabutylphosphonium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate ([TBP][MBS]), tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate ([TBP][DMBS]), and tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate ([TBP][TMBS])) were synthesized via anion exchange with tetrabutylphosphonium bromide ([TBP][Br]). Then, we characterized the ILs and investigated their suitability as draw solutes for forward osmosis (FO), focusing on their thermoresponsive properties, conductivities, and osmotic pressures. We found that aqueous [TBP][BS] was not thermoresponsive, but 20 wt% aqueous [TBP][MBS], [TBP][DMBS], and [TBP][TMBS] had lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of approximately 41, 25, and 21 °C, respectively, enabling their easy recovery using waste heat. Based on these findings, 20 wt% aqueous [TBP][DMBS] was tested for its FO performance, and the water and reverse solute fluxes were found to be approximately 9.29 LMH and 1.37 gMH, respectively, in the active layer facing the draw solution (AL-DS) mode and 4.64 LMH and 0.37 gMH, respectively, in the active layer facing the feed solution (AL-FS) mode. Thus, these tetrabutylphosphonium benzenesulfonate-based LCST-type ILs are suitable for drawing solutes for FO process.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/11/1067forward osmosisthermoresponsiveionic liquiddraw solutelower critical solution temperaturebenzenesulfonate derivative |
| spellingShingle | DaEun Yang Yeonsu Cho Hyo Kang Effects of the Structure of Benzenesulfonate-Based Draw Solutes on the Forward Osmosis Process Membranes forward osmosis thermoresponsive ionic liquid draw solute lower critical solution temperature benzenesulfonate derivative |
| title | Effects of the Structure of Benzenesulfonate-Based Draw Solutes on the Forward Osmosis Process |
| title_full | Effects of the Structure of Benzenesulfonate-Based Draw Solutes on the Forward Osmosis Process |
| title_fullStr | Effects of the Structure of Benzenesulfonate-Based Draw Solutes on the Forward Osmosis Process |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of the Structure of Benzenesulfonate-Based Draw Solutes on the Forward Osmosis Process |
| title_short | Effects of the Structure of Benzenesulfonate-Based Draw Solutes on the Forward Osmosis Process |
| title_sort | effects of the structure of benzenesulfonate based draw solutes on the forward osmosis process |
| topic | forward osmosis thermoresponsive ionic liquid draw solute lower critical solution temperature benzenesulfonate derivative |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/11/1067 |
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