Characterizing the Tensile Behavior of Double Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufactured “Copper–Steel” Using Digital Image Correlation
The paper presents the results of the evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of samples of multi-metal “copper-steel” structures fabricated by additive double wire electron beam method. The global and local mechanical characteristics were evaluated using uniaxial tensile tests and full-field t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-10-01
|
| Series: | Metals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/11/1797 |
| _version_ | 1797467255847518208 |
|---|---|
| author | Vladimir Kibitkin Andrey Vorontsov Kseniya Osipovich Nikolay Shamarin Andrey Chumaevskii Valery Rubtsov Evgeny Moskvichev Nickolai Savchenko Evgeny Kolubaev |
| author_facet | Vladimir Kibitkin Andrey Vorontsov Kseniya Osipovich Nikolay Shamarin Andrey Chumaevskii Valery Rubtsov Evgeny Moskvichev Nickolai Savchenko Evgeny Kolubaev |
| author_sort | Vladimir Kibitkin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The paper presents the results of the evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of samples of multi-metal “copper-steel” structures fabricated by additive double wire electron beam method. The global and local mechanical characteristics were evaluated using uniaxial tensile tests and full-field two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) method. DIC revealed the peculiarities of the fracture stages: at the first stage <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.02</mn><mo><</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.08</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> the formation of V-shaped shear lines occurs; at the second stage <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.08</mn><mo><</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.15</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> transverse shear lines lead to the formation of a block structure; at the third stage <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.15</mn><mo><</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.21</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> the plasticity resource ends in the central part of the two necks cracks are formed, and the main crack is the cause of the fracture of the joint. It is found that shear lines are formed first in copper and then propagate to steel. Electron microscopy proves that uniformly distributed iron particles could always be found in the “Fe-Cu” and “Cu-Fe” interfaces. Additionally, the evolution of average strain rates and standard deviations were measured (calculated) in the regions of necks in copper and steel regions. New shear approach shows that the most of angles for parallel shears components are ±45°, rupture angles are about 0°, and combined account of these two types of shears provides us additional discrete angles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:51:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a58e04b7161343adbff98387206d6c09 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:51:06Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metals |
| spelling | doaj.art-a58e04b7161343adbff98387206d6c092023-11-24T05:51:16ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012022-10-011211179710.3390/met12111797Characterizing the Tensile Behavior of Double Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufactured “Copper–Steel” Using Digital Image CorrelationVladimir Kibitkin0Andrey Vorontsov1Kseniya Osipovich2Nikolay Shamarin3Andrey Chumaevskii4Valery Rubtsov5Evgeny Moskvichev6Nickolai Savchenko7Evgeny Kolubaev8Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaInstitute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055 Tomsk, RussiaThe paper presents the results of the evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of samples of multi-metal “copper-steel” structures fabricated by additive double wire electron beam method. The global and local mechanical characteristics were evaluated using uniaxial tensile tests and full-field two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) method. DIC revealed the peculiarities of the fracture stages: at the first stage <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.02</mn><mo><</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.08</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> the formation of V-shaped shear lines occurs; at the second stage <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.08</mn><mo><</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.15</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> transverse shear lines lead to the formation of a block structure; at the third stage <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.15</mn><mo><</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.21</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> the plasticity resource ends in the central part of the two necks cracks are formed, and the main crack is the cause of the fracture of the joint. It is found that shear lines are formed first in copper and then propagate to steel. Electron microscopy proves that uniformly distributed iron particles could always be found in the “Fe-Cu” and “Cu-Fe” interfaces. Additionally, the evolution of average strain rates and standard deviations were measured (calculated) in the regions of necks in copper and steel regions. New shear approach shows that the most of angles for parallel shears components are ±45°, rupture angles are about 0°, and combined account of these two types of shears provides us additional discrete angles.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/11/1797additive manufacturingcopperstainless steeldigital image correlation |
| spellingShingle | Vladimir Kibitkin Andrey Vorontsov Kseniya Osipovich Nikolay Shamarin Andrey Chumaevskii Valery Rubtsov Evgeny Moskvichev Nickolai Savchenko Evgeny Kolubaev Characterizing the Tensile Behavior of Double Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufactured “Copper–Steel” Using Digital Image Correlation Metals additive manufacturing copper stainless steel digital image correlation |
| title | Characterizing the Tensile Behavior of Double Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufactured “Copper–Steel” Using Digital Image Correlation |
| title_full | Characterizing the Tensile Behavior of Double Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufactured “Copper–Steel” Using Digital Image Correlation |
| title_fullStr | Characterizing the Tensile Behavior of Double Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufactured “Copper–Steel” Using Digital Image Correlation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterizing the Tensile Behavior of Double Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufactured “Copper–Steel” Using Digital Image Correlation |
| title_short | Characterizing the Tensile Behavior of Double Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufactured “Copper–Steel” Using Digital Image Correlation |
| title_sort | characterizing the tensile behavior of double wire feed electron beam additive manufactured copper steel using digital image correlation |
| topic | additive manufacturing copper stainless steel digital image correlation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/11/1797 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vladimirkibitkin characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation AT andreyvorontsov characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation AT kseniyaosipovich characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation AT nikolayshamarin characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation AT andreychumaevskii characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation AT valeryrubtsov characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation AT evgenymoskvichev characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation AT nickolaisavchenko characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation AT evgenykolubaev characterizingthetensilebehaviorofdoublewirefeedelectronbeamadditivemanufacturedcoppersteelusingdigitalimagecorrelation |