Adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected DCT coefficients for image watermarking
Image watermarking technique aims at high imperceptibility of the embedded watermark with minimal distortion in the watermarked images. In frequency-domain, block-based Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a popular method which can be improved by different scaling factors. This paper presents an adap...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157819313497 |
| _version_ | 1819104122369998848 |
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| author | Dhani Ariatmanto Ferda Ernawan |
| author_facet | Dhani Ariatmanto Ferda Ernawan |
| author_sort | Dhani Ariatmanto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Image watermarking technique aims at high imperceptibility of the embedded watermark with minimal distortion in the watermarked images. In frequency-domain, block-based Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a popular method which can be improved by different scaling factors. This paper presents an adaptive scaling factor for selected DCT coefficients in image watermarking. The image blocks that have lowest pixel variances are chosen as the embedding locations. The optimal scaling factors for selected DCT coefficients on the middle frequencies are obtained by finding the best quality of images. The embedding process is performed using the obtained scaling factors. The proposed technique was investigated to verify the robustness and imperceptibility against various image-processing attacks. It is proved that our technique achieves higher robustness against noise addition, filter and compression than the existing schemes in most cases. Our technique produces greater imperceptibility than the existing schemes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T02:01:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a5a198d1d61e460bb07906ff1314ba25 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1319-1578 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T02:01:20Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-a5a198d1d61e460bb07906ff1314ba252022-12-21T18:42:39ZengElsevierJournal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences1319-15782022-03-01343605614Adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected DCT coefficients for image watermarkingDhani Ariatmanto0Ferda Ernawan1Department of Informatic, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas AMIKOM, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Computer Graphic and Multimedia, Faculty of Computing, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia; Corresponding author at: Department of Computer Graphic and Multimedia, Faculty of Computing, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia.Image watermarking technique aims at high imperceptibility of the embedded watermark with minimal distortion in the watermarked images. In frequency-domain, block-based Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a popular method which can be improved by different scaling factors. This paper presents an adaptive scaling factor for selected DCT coefficients in image watermarking. The image blocks that have lowest pixel variances are chosen as the embedding locations. The optimal scaling factors for selected DCT coefficients on the middle frequencies are obtained by finding the best quality of images. The embedding process is performed using the obtained scaling factors. The proposed technique was investigated to verify the robustness and imperceptibility against various image-processing attacks. It is proved that our technique achieves higher robustness against noise addition, filter and compression than the existing schemes in most cases. Our technique produces greater imperceptibility than the existing schemes.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157819313497WatermarkingDCT coefficientsImpact coefficientsEmbedding strengthsAdaptive scaling factor |
| spellingShingle | Dhani Ariatmanto Ferda Ernawan Adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected DCT coefficients for image watermarking Journal of King Saud University: Computer and Information Sciences Watermarking DCT coefficients Impact coefficients Embedding strengths Adaptive scaling factor |
| title | Adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected DCT coefficients for image watermarking |
| title_full | Adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected DCT coefficients for image watermarking |
| title_fullStr | Adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected DCT coefficients for image watermarking |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected DCT coefficients for image watermarking |
| title_short | Adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected DCT coefficients for image watermarking |
| title_sort | adaptive scaling factors based on the impact of selected dct coefficients for image watermarking |
| topic | Watermarking DCT coefficients Impact coefficients Embedding strengths Adaptive scaling factor |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157819313497 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dhaniariatmanto adaptivescalingfactorsbasedontheimpactofselecteddctcoefficientsforimagewatermarking AT ferdaernawan adaptivescalingfactorsbasedontheimpactofselecteddctcoefficientsforimagewatermarking |