The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete
Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is becoming more common in the construction industry nowadays; however, the aspect of durability of printed concrete is not well-studied yet. Frost resistance is a very important factor for durability of concrete structures located in northern regions. Sinc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Composites Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/6/10/281 |
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| author | Ella Spurina Maris Sinka Krists Ziemelis Andris Vanags Diana Bajare |
| author_facet | Ella Spurina Maris Sinka Krists Ziemelis Andris Vanags Diana Bajare |
| author_sort | Ella Spurina |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is becoming more common in the construction industry nowadays; however, the aspect of durability of printed concrete is not well-studied yet. Frost resistance is a very important factor for durability of concrete structures located in northern regions. Since air-entraining agents (AEAs) are widely used in conventional concrete, this paper focuses on exploring the potential of using AEAs in 3D concrete as well—the main objective is to determine how it affects fresh and hardened properties, including frost resistance of 3D concrete. Three different mixes were printed and cast—the dry mix consisted of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), limestone filler (LF), sand, as well as viscosity modifying agent (VMA) and superplasticizer (SP). Two mixes contained different amounts of AEA, the third one was used as reference. First, fresh state properties were tested—air content, density, and mini cone flow test. Second, 28-day compressive and flexural strength tests were carried out; bulk and particle densities were also determined. Next, both cast and printed concrete samples were subject to freeze–thaw cycles according to provisions of CEN/TS 12390-9, mass loss due to surface scaling was determined for each sample. As a result, printed concrete samples containing AEA in the amount of 0.06% of binder mass showed the highest frost resistance—addition of AEA decreased both flexural and compressive strength of this printed concrete mix by 30–40%. To conclude, the obtained results give an insight of how addition of AEA to printed concrete mix affects its properties both in long and short term. Further research of certain aspects, for instance, the air void system and pore distribution is needed to gain a deeper understanding on how to increase durability of 3D concrete. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:35:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a5ad480cea504224abf0f93b1b361654 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-477X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:35:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Composites Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-a5ad480cea504224abf0f93b1b3616542023-12-03T14:49:15ZengMDPI AGJournal of Composites Science2504-477X2022-09-0161028110.3390/jcs6100281The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D ConcreteElla Spurina0Maris Sinka1Krists Ziemelis2Andris Vanags3Diana Bajare43D Concrete Printing Laboratory, Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 1 Paula Valdena Street, 1048 Riga, Latvia3D Concrete Printing Laboratory, Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 1 Paula Valdena Street, 1048 Riga, Latvia3D Concrete Printing Laboratory, Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 1 Paula Valdena Street, 1048 Riga, LatviaJSC Sakret Holdings, Ropazu nov., Stopinu pag., Rumbula, 2121 Riga, LatviaInstitute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, 6B Kipsalas Street, 1048 Riga, LatviaThree-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is becoming more common in the construction industry nowadays; however, the aspect of durability of printed concrete is not well-studied yet. Frost resistance is a very important factor for durability of concrete structures located in northern regions. Since air-entraining agents (AEAs) are widely used in conventional concrete, this paper focuses on exploring the potential of using AEAs in 3D concrete as well—the main objective is to determine how it affects fresh and hardened properties, including frost resistance of 3D concrete. Three different mixes were printed and cast—the dry mix consisted of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), limestone filler (LF), sand, as well as viscosity modifying agent (VMA) and superplasticizer (SP). Two mixes contained different amounts of AEA, the third one was used as reference. First, fresh state properties were tested—air content, density, and mini cone flow test. Second, 28-day compressive and flexural strength tests were carried out; bulk and particle densities were also determined. Next, both cast and printed concrete samples were subject to freeze–thaw cycles according to provisions of CEN/TS 12390-9, mass loss due to surface scaling was determined for each sample. As a result, printed concrete samples containing AEA in the amount of 0.06% of binder mass showed the highest frost resistance—addition of AEA decreased both flexural and compressive strength of this printed concrete mix by 30–40%. To conclude, the obtained results give an insight of how addition of AEA to printed concrete mix affects its properties both in long and short term. Further research of certain aspects, for instance, the air void system and pore distribution is needed to gain a deeper understanding on how to increase durability of 3D concrete.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/6/10/2813DCPAEAlimestone filerflexural strengthcompressive strengthfreeze–thaw |
| spellingShingle | Ella Spurina Maris Sinka Krists Ziemelis Andris Vanags Diana Bajare The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete Journal of Composites Science 3DCP AEA limestone filer flexural strength compressive strength freeze–thaw |
| title | The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete |
| title_full | The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete |
| title_short | The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete |
| title_sort | effects of air entraining agent on fresh and hardened properties of 3d concrete |
| topic | 3DCP AEA limestone filer flexural strength compressive strength freeze–thaw |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/6/10/281 |
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